Karangkates Dam Recreational Park
This tourism object is not quite different from the other recreational parks in Malang Regency. In this place, however the visitors can also get peaceful impression by fishing, boating, skying or just enjoy the beautiful panorama around the lake.
Facilities: golf and tennis court, camping ground, and many others. The accessibility is reachable, located at Karangkates village, Sumberpucung Sub District, about 40 km to South-Western part from Malang (only one drive hour).
Visit Karangkates Dam recreational park in Malang tourism and enjoy its nature scenery. You also allow to have camp activities here. Built tend and spent your holidays in this wonderful tou
Adv
Rabu, 30 Juli 2008
Wendit Natural Swimming Pool
Wendit Natural Swimming Pool
As an interesting natural swimming pool, Wendit Swimming Pool present a special recreational spots in order to regain the new spirit and there is also the friendly monkeys that entertain and give special attraction to the visitors with their jocking action.
According to the local folk tale, the pool offer mystical power to those who have taken a bath in the pool would remain young for the rest of their life. On the days Idul fitri, the Islamic days (seven days Lebaran) some traditional performances are staged here.
The pool is located at Mangliawan village, a village belonging to Pakis Sub District, about 10 km a way to the East from Malang.
Facilities: pool using natural water spring water that never dies in all season (dry or wet season), souvenir shops, and some recreational spots in Wendit's area. The accessibility is very reachable, public transportation or private. So that, Wendit swimming pool is very suitable for your family and children to have family recreation.Wendit Natural Swimming Pool
As an interesting natural swimming pool, Wendit Swimming Pool present a special recreational spots in order to regain the new spirit and there is also the friendly monkeys that entertain and give special attraction to the visitors with their jocking action.
According to the local folk tale, the pool offer mystical power to those who have taken a bath in the pool would remain young for the rest of their life. On the days Idul fitri, the Islamic days (seven days Lebaran) some traditional performances are staged here.
The pool is located at Mangliawan village, a village belonging to Pakis Sub District, about 10 km a way to the East from Malang.
Facilities: pool using natural water spring water that never dies in all season (dry or wet season), souvenir shops, and some recreational spots in Wendit's area. The accessibility is very reachable, public transportation or private. So that, Wendit swimming pool is very suitable for your family and children to have family recreation.Wendit Natural Swimming Pool
Tourism Village Of Poncokusumo
Tourism Village Of Poncokusumo
A special kind of tourism village (about 686.2509 ha) lies on the western slope of mt. Semeru (the highest, mountain in Java) or at the southern border of Bromo - Tengger - Semeru National Park.
The height of the village is about 926 meter from sea level, temperature 22 - 26 degree Celsius, located about 30 km from Malang to the East.
This village has many beautiful and impressive panorama, which noted as one of the most fascinating villages in the eastern part of Malang Regency. Visitors who come to visit Poncokusumo, surely can enjoy impressive panorama apple plantation, around the garden from quarter to quarter, reflecting the village quarters agro tourism. Without any doubt, it's just nice place to stay gaining the new spirit and healthy.
Visit the tourism village of Poncokusumo in Malang tourism and enjoy its nature nuance with its fresh air. Bring your family here to introduce the nature to them.
A special kind of tourism village (about 686.2509 ha) lies on the western slope of mt. Semeru (the highest, mountain in Java) or at the southern border of Bromo - Tengger - Semeru National Park.
The height of the village is about 926 meter from sea level, temperature 22 - 26 degree Celsius, located about 30 km from Malang to the East.
This village has many beautiful and impressive panorama, which noted as one of the most fascinating villages in the eastern part of Malang Regency. Visitors who come to visit Poncokusumo, surely can enjoy impressive panorama apple plantation, around the garden from quarter to quarter, reflecting the village quarters agro tourism. Without any doubt, it's just nice place to stay gaining the new spirit and healthy.
Visit the tourism village of Poncokusumo in Malang tourism and enjoy its nature nuance with its fresh air. Bring your family here to introduce the nature to them.
Tea Plantation Tourism - Wonosari - Lawang
Tea Plantation Tourism - Wonosari - Lawang
This plantation pleasure gives a special and peaceful impression, beautiful panorama of tea plantation. The plantation is situated at an area on the slope of mount Arjuno, it belongs to Wonosari - Toyomarto village, Singosari district. In this tourist object, visitors can watch and enjoy the special impression, processing of tea from the leaves taken to the tea ready to drink. The location is reachable, about 30 km away to the North from Malang. Facilities: swimming pool, cottages, jogging tracks area, camping grounds, and many other.
This plantation pleasure gives a special and peaceful impression, beautiful panorama of tea plantation. The plantation is situated at an area on the slope of mount Arjuno, it belongs to Wonosari - Toyomarto village, Singosari district. In this tourist object, visitors can watch and enjoy the special impression, processing of tea from the leaves taken to the tea ready to drink. The location is reachable, about 30 km away to the North from Malang. Facilities: swimming pool, cottages, jogging tracks area, camping grounds, and many other.
Sendangbiru Beach
Sendangbiru Beach
Sendang Biru is one of beach resorts in the southern part of Malang Regency, which free from tumulous waves of Indian Ocean due to the existence of wild life Sempu Island, about 300 meters offshore.
At the other side of the beach is now utilize 'as Fishing Harbor and Center of Fishes Disembarkation PPI' where fisherman disembark their catches in which both are under the authority of the Fishery Service and Managed by KUD (Village Cooperation Unit)," Mina Jaya Pondok Dadap".
Officially, the beach of Sendang Biru is managed by the State-owned Forestay Company which has so far provided the beach with inns, guest house, stalls, guard houses, boats, etc.
To reach Sendang Biru, visitor can take an accessible public transportation named "Mikrolet" for Gadang - Turen - Sendang Biru. Sendang Biru is about 70 km away to the south from Malang at Tambakrejo village, Sumbermanjing Wetan district.
Visit the beautiful beach of Sendang Biru and enjoy its interesting waves with the white sands that spread along the beach.
Sendang Biru is one of beach resorts in the southern part of Malang Regency, which free from tumulous waves of Indian Ocean due to the existence of wild life Sempu Island, about 300 meters offshore.
At the other side of the beach is now utilize 'as Fishing Harbor and Center of Fishes Disembarkation PPI' where fisherman disembark their catches in which both are under the authority of the Fishery Service and Managed by KUD (Village Cooperation Unit)," Mina Jaya Pondok Dadap".
Officially, the beach of Sendang Biru is managed by the State-owned Forestay Company which has so far provided the beach with inns, guest house, stalls, guard houses, boats, etc.
To reach Sendang Biru, visitor can take an accessible public transportation named "Mikrolet" for Gadang - Turen - Sendang Biru. Sendang Biru is about 70 km away to the south from Malang at Tambakrejo village, Sumbermanjing Wetan district.
Visit the beautiful beach of Sendang Biru and enjoy its interesting waves with the white sands that spread along the beach.
Singosari Temple Tourism
Singosari temple, also known as Kendedes temple, was founded in honor to King Kertanegara, the last king of Singosari dynasty who died in 1292 AD. It was erected in 1300 AD at the same time when the ritual Sradha took place. In the vicinity of the temple there are two gigantic statue called Dwarapala, believed to be the entrance guards to the palace.
This temple has saved the historical story that always remember by Malang public. However, Singosari temple is a symbol of the existence of Malang regency from years ago.
As the other East Java's temple, Singosari temple is formed from red bricks and arranged in cone building, called temple. This temple also has beautiful relief that describe the great of Singosari Kingdom years ago.
This temple has saved the historical story that always remember by Malang public. However, Singosari temple is a symbol of the existence of Malang regency from years ago.
As the other East Java's temple, Singosari temple is formed from red bricks and arranged in cone building, called temple. This temple also has beautiful relief that describe the great of Singosari Kingdom years ago.
Semeru Tourism
Semeru Tourism
A mountainous pleasure on the slope of the highest mount in Java, Mount Semeru. The beautiful and attractive panorama or special atmosphere can be found here beside its cool and fresh air. In this area we find a good place for Para-gliding and the Dutch Colonial Remnant.
This object lies on Argo Yuwono village, Ampelgading district, about 7 km to the North from Ampelgading.
The mount climbers are often visit this mount to enjoy its nature scenery and beautiful sunset, look from the peak of the mount.
A mountainous pleasure on the slope of the highest mount in Java, Mount Semeru. The beautiful and attractive panorama or special atmosphere can be found here beside its cool and fresh air. In this area we find a good place for Para-gliding and the Dutch Colonial Remnant.
This object lies on Argo Yuwono village, Ampelgading district, about 7 km to the North from Ampelgading.
The mount climbers are often visit this mount to enjoy its nature scenery and beautiful sunset, look from the peak of the mount.
Coban Pelangi Waterfall
Coban Pelangi Waterfall
Coban Pelangi is a beautiful waterfall, which located about 32 km away to the East Malang. It has natural, cool, and clean water that gives a peaceful impression. This waterfall can be reached on the way to Mount Bromo via Malang city.
Find a lovely mountain resort, beautiful panorama, impressive view of apple fruits and 5 vegetables. The Water fall site is in the village named Gubuk Klakah, the one belonging to Poncokusumo district.
The visitors will enjoy its fresh air, nature scenery, and of course the beautiful waterfall. Visit Coban Pelangi Waterfall in Malang regency.
Coban Pelangi is a beautiful waterfall, which located about 32 km away to the East Malang. It has natural, cool, and clean water that gives a peaceful impression. This waterfall can be reached on the way to Mount Bromo via Malang city.
Find a lovely mountain resort, beautiful panorama, impressive view of apple fruits and 5 vegetables. The Water fall site is in the village named Gubuk Klakah, the one belonging to Poncokusumo district.
The visitors will enjoy its fresh air, nature scenery, and of course the beautiful waterfall. Visit Coban Pelangi Waterfall in Malang regency.
Regency Tourism
WELCOME TO MALANG REGENCY TOURISM
Malang is one of clean and cool cities in East Java has, without any doubt, been famous since long time ago. Historical remmants scattered around Malang Showing that it hat played important roles in may eras and stretching out from 112° 17' 10,90° up to 112° 57' 0,00° east Longitude and extending from 7° 44' 55,11° up to 8° 26' 35,45° South Latitude.
Malang regency is bordered by Blitar and Kediri Regencies on the West; Jombang, Mojokerto and Pasuruan Regencies on the North; Probolinggo and Lumajang Regencies on the East and Indian Ocean on the South.
Malang is known with its beautiful beaches. There are many tourists who always visit Malang's beaches in holiday. The beaches are Ngliyep beach, Balekambang beach, and Sendang Biru beach.
Then the foreign tourists are commonly interesting to Malang's temples that save the historical value of the past Kingdom in Malang regency, they are; Singosari temple, Jago temple, Kidal temple, etc. Beside that, Malang still has a lot of tourism objects that will attract you to visit it. Coban Rondo waterfall, Wonosari tea plantation, Wendit pool, mount Kawi, mount Bromo panorama, Coban Pelangi waterfall, Karangkates recreation park, and the others, are Malang's interesting places that presents their nature scenery.
Also visit Malang City Tour that offers its interesting places such as; City Hall, Monument Juang'45, bird and flowers market, senaputra park, kayu tangan complex, City Square, Senaputra Park, etc.
Malang is one of clean and cool cities in East Java has, without any doubt, been famous since long time ago. Historical remmants scattered around Malang Showing that it hat played important roles in may eras and stretching out from 112° 17' 10,90° up to 112° 57' 0,00° east Longitude and extending from 7° 44' 55,11° up to 8° 26' 35,45° South Latitude.
Malang regency is bordered by Blitar and Kediri Regencies on the West; Jombang, Mojokerto and Pasuruan Regencies on the North; Probolinggo and Lumajang Regencies on the East and Indian Ocean on the South.
Malang is known with its beautiful beaches. There are many tourists who always visit Malang's beaches in holiday. The beaches are Ngliyep beach, Balekambang beach, and Sendang Biru beach.
Then the foreign tourists are commonly interesting to Malang's temples that save the historical value of the past Kingdom in Malang regency, they are; Singosari temple, Jago temple, Kidal temple, etc. Beside that, Malang still has a lot of tourism objects that will attract you to visit it. Coban Rondo waterfall, Wonosari tea plantation, Wendit pool, mount Kawi, mount Bromo panorama, Coban Pelangi waterfall, Karangkates recreation park, and the others, are Malang's interesting places that presents their nature scenery.
Also visit Malang City Tour that offers its interesting places such as; City Hall, Monument Juang'45, bird and flowers market, senaputra park, kayu tangan complex, City Square, Senaputra Park, etc.
Menang village
SRI AJI JOYOBOYO SITE
This is site tourism of disappeared Sri Aji Joyoboyo. The location is in Menang village, Pagu district about 8 kilometers from northern of Kediri regency. In the term of Javanese it is well known as a place of Mukso Sri Aji Joyoboyo. Mukso means: (Hindu’s belief: gone soul along with body to paradise) and Sri Aji Joyoboyo is a great man of letter in East Java. In Java Island he is well known with his Jongko Joyoboyo forecast, it is containing about forecast of cases in the future.
Every New Year of Java calendar (1 Suro) there is a ritual ceremony held. This ceremony is initiated by the big family of Hondodento collaborated with local government of Kediri regency and society around this area. In this location can be found out many historical sites such as;
- The place where Sri Aji Joyoboyo disappeared
- Water source of Kamandanu.
- Meditation place of Mpu Baradah.
- Totok Kerot statue.
This is site tourism of disappeared Sri Aji Joyoboyo. The location is in Menang village, Pagu district about 8 kilometers from northern of Kediri regency. In the term of Javanese it is well known as a place of Mukso Sri Aji Joyoboyo. Mukso means: (Hindu’s belief: gone soul along with body to paradise) and Sri Aji Joyoboyo is a great man of letter in East Java. In Java Island he is well known with his Jongko Joyoboyo forecast, it is containing about forecast of cases in the future.
Every New Year of Java calendar (1 Suro) there is a ritual ceremony held. This ceremony is initiated by the big family of Hondodento collaborated with local government of Kediri regency and society around this area. In this location can be found out many historical sites such as;
- The place where Sri Aji Joyoboyo disappeared
- Water source of Kamandanu.
- Meditation place of Mpu Baradah.
- Totok Kerot statue.
waterfall
This waterfall is located about 20 km, 30 minutes from Kediri City. The fabulous mountainous scenery of Besuki-irenggolo has is ready to see. Besides, here the tourists can find some interesting things, such as; shady natural pine forest, playground, camping ground, hiking and jogging area, etc.
Enjoy its fresh and cold airs in this waterfall that will bring you feel comfortable to breath. There are many trees that add its greenness and beautiful scenery for your eyes.
Enjoy its fresh and cold airs in this waterfall that will bring you feel comfortable to breath. There are many trees that add its greenness and beautiful scenery for your eyes.
इन्दुस्त्री इन Lamongan
Bamboo Industry
The Bamboo Industries are located on 146 th Sunan Drajad street Lamongan and in Mantub sub district, produces many kind of house hold and interior made from bamboo.
Wooden Industry
The wood furniture industry which's located on 37th Basuki rachmad Street lamongan is a producer of a top prodcts that are being exported to malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and other countries.
Pottery Craft
Pottery / Gerabah art home industry that is located on 7th Pembangunan Street Lamongan, has broken through the export market such as Korea, Belgia, Australia and German.
Bag Craft Made of Water Hyacinth
It's Located on 146th on Sunan Drajad Street Lamongan. The Bags that are made from Water Hyacinth plant with the beautiful ornaments are breaking through the export market.
Batik Craft
The artsans of hand written batik that located in Sendang Agung and Sendang Dhuwur Village Paciran sub district, produce cloth, sarong and women's cloth that are made from batik. Hand written batik's productions can reach 1.000 to 1.040 pieces per month.
Carpet Mat
The center of carpet industry with various colours and measures are found in Sunan Drajad street Lamongan.
The Bamboo Industries are located on 146 th Sunan Drajad street Lamongan and in Mantub sub district, produces many kind of house hold and interior made from bamboo.
Wooden Industry
The wood furniture industry which's located on 37th Basuki rachmad Street lamongan is a producer of a top prodcts that are being exported to malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and other countries.
Pottery Craft
Pottery / Gerabah art home industry that is located on 7th Pembangunan Street Lamongan, has broken through the export market such as Korea, Belgia, Australia and German.
Bag Craft Made of Water Hyacinth
It's Located on 146th on Sunan Drajad Street Lamongan. The Bags that are made from Water Hyacinth plant with the beautiful ornaments are breaking through the export market.
Batik Craft
The artsans of hand written batik that located in Sendang Agung and Sendang Dhuwur Village Paciran sub district, produce cloth, sarong and women's cloth that are made from batik. Hand written batik's productions can reach 1.000 to 1.040 pieces per month.
Carpet Mat
The center of carpet industry with various colours and measures are found in Sunan Drajad street Lamongan.
Surowono Temple
SUROWONO TEMPLE
Surowono Temple is place of hallowing of King Wengker that is one of the Kings subordinate during King Hayam Wuruk government from Majapahit Empire. It is rectangular of 8 x 8 meters size and built in 1400 AD. The fascination of Surowono temple tourism object is the building result as the masterpiece history of omission of past and underground tunnel; the cutting building that flown in clear water of branching way. It is located quite a lot branch about 100 meters from temple building. Surowono Temple, located in Canggu village, Pare district, about 25 Direction km Northeast from Kediri city.
Visit this historical tourism object and study its relief that cannot find on other temple.
Surowono Temple is place of hallowing of King Wengker that is one of the Kings subordinate during King Hayam Wuruk government from Majapahit Empire. It is rectangular of 8 x 8 meters size and built in 1400 AD. The fascination of Surowono temple tourism object is the building result as the masterpiece history of omission of past and underground tunnel; the cutting building that flown in clear water of branching way. It is located quite a lot branch about 100 meters from temple building. Surowono Temple, located in Canggu village, Pare district, about 25 Direction km Northeast from Kediri city.
Visit this historical tourism object and study its relief that cannot find on other temple.
Mount Kelud
MOUNT KELUD AFTER ITS ERUPTION IN NOVEMBER 2007
Today, Mount Kelud is very phenomenal with its new dome that exists from its lake. To reach Mount Kelud, the visitors can use motorcycle and the direction come from Kediri to Wates continued to Margomulyo – Bambingan till Jurang Gelap or Mount Pedot. From Jurang Gelap till the new dome of Mount Kelud is about 2 km and you can go on foot.
Mount Kelud has change, it had green crater before explode, but today the beautiful crater is gone and turn up new crater that different from the previous.
The increase of Mount Kelud activities from the beginning step to the next step is show phenomenal activities that never happen before. The water temperature in 1990 exploded is about 400 Celsius, and in this activity, the water temperature is increase till 77,50 Celsius, makes thermometer broken caused of high warming. The earthquake is also has increase level, both volcanic and tectonic earthquake. The earthquake is higher compare with exploded in 1990. The white and black smokes that come out from the crater is not happen in 1990.
The climax activity of Mount Kelud is to turn up a dome from the lake crater in November 5, 2007 with diameter 100 meters and 20 meters height from crater water. Today, the Lava Dome still growing slowly till 200 meters height and widened to southwest side of the lake crater wide.
The first white and black smoke are detected in November 4, 2007. At that time is 200 meters height and today the wind has blow them to south side. The white smoke is come out from the dome and blow to the air till 1.000 meters height.
If this is really the end of Mount Kelud and the status is normal, with Mount Kelud condition at the present, then Mount Kelud has a new face. With its Dome that comes from the crater, Mount Kelud is more beautiful than before, add with the other phenomenal that never happen before.
Mount Kelud changes with its new Dome are very interesting for visitors. The visitors can see and enjoy its new dome if the condition is really safe to be visited. The Dome is seems to be Mount Kelud’s son. There is no crater-lake or green water in Mount Kelud, but the new Kelud presents its new dome. Fantastic and curious nature panorama.
Visit :
Today, Mount Kelud is very phenomenal with its new dome that exists from its lake. To reach Mount Kelud, the visitors can use motorcycle and the direction come from Kediri to Wates continued to Margomulyo – Bambingan till Jurang Gelap or Mount Pedot. From Jurang Gelap till the new dome of Mount Kelud is about 2 km and you can go on foot.
Mount Kelud has change, it had green crater before explode, but today the beautiful crater is gone and turn up new crater that different from the previous.
The increase of Mount Kelud activities from the beginning step to the next step is show phenomenal activities that never happen before. The water temperature in 1990 exploded is about 400 Celsius, and in this activity, the water temperature is increase till 77,50 Celsius, makes thermometer broken caused of high warming. The earthquake is also has increase level, both volcanic and tectonic earthquake. The earthquake is higher compare with exploded in 1990. The white and black smokes that come out from the crater is not happen in 1990.
The climax activity of Mount Kelud is to turn up a dome from the lake crater in November 5, 2007 with diameter 100 meters and 20 meters height from crater water. Today, the Lava Dome still growing slowly till 200 meters height and widened to southwest side of the lake crater wide.
The first white and black smoke are detected in November 4, 2007. At that time is 200 meters height and today the wind has blow them to south side. The white smoke is come out from the dome and blow to the air till 1.000 meters height.
If this is really the end of Mount Kelud and the status is normal, with Mount Kelud condition at the present, then Mount Kelud has a new face. With its Dome that comes from the crater, Mount Kelud is more beautiful than before, add with the other phenomenal that never happen before.
Mount Kelud changes with its new Dome are very interesting for visitors. The visitors can see and enjoy its new dome if the condition is really safe to be visited. The Dome is seems to be Mount Kelud’s son. There is no crater-lake or green water in Mount Kelud, but the new Kelud presents its new dome. Fantastic and curious nature panorama.
Visit :
Minggu, 15 Juni 2008
Jembatan Merah
Jembatan Merah (Red Bridge) Surabaya :
( Where the British Brigadier General Mallaby
was Killed in November 1945)
Translated as The Red Bridge which located at North Surabaya, in whose surrounding is one the most savage fightings ever seen on Java. The battle of Surabaya began on 10th November 1945, less than three months after the proclamation of the Indonesian independence day which readed in Jakarta and it was right here that Brigadir General Mallaby from England was killed. Further down the red bridge is the china town which surrounding packed with buildings of typical chinesse architectural and construction. It is still the most crowded business and trade center.
Jembatan Merah (Red Bridge) Area was a trade area that grows as the consequence of Paku Buwono II Agreement from Mataram with VOC by 11 Novembers 1743. In that agreement some of north coast areas, include Surabaya, delivered his domination to VOC. After that, Surabaya resided fully in Dutch power. Now, its position as the center trade is always taken place. Around the bridge, there is economics indicators, include one of them is Jembatan Merah Plaza.
Change of its physical happened around year of 1890-an, when its constrictor fence with the river changed from wood becomes iron. Now the bridge condition connects Rajawali Street and Kembang Jepun Street in north side of Surabaya, almost same with other bridge. Its difference is only the red color.
Because the strategic situation, hence Tanjung Perak port also the center sea transport of inters lair East Indonesia area. Ahead, Ocean ships unload and load its goods through lighters and boats that can reach Jembatan Merah (the first port by then) is reside in Surabaya city heart through Kalimas river. Because of the traffic commerce development and goods current improvement and the transportation current increase hence the dock facilities in Jembatan Merah finally fallen short.
Memorized the Heroic Event around Red Bridge (Jembatan Merah) Surabaya
To disarm Japan army, free interning Europe and cure the security safety in ex Japan occupy region in South-East Asia, include Indonesia, ally army (Allied Forces) assign Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, The Chief of Ally Army Commander In South-East Asia (Supreme Commander South East Asian Command).
For this duty, Mountbatten mobilizes 3 Divisions (British-Indian Divisions) and assisted by 2 Australian Divisions under General Morsehead.
But, besides the duty from Allied Forces, there is hidden agenda, which done by British army and Australian, that is assisting Dutch to get back at it country, as the agreement between English and Dutch in Chequers, near to London, on 24 Augusts 1945, named Civil Affairs Agreement, where agreed, that British army will clean strength armed of Republic of Indonesia, and deliver area which have " cleaned" to Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA).
British Battleship, HMS CUMBERLAND, has just arrived on 15 Septembers 1945 in Jakarta. Follow with this ship is Dr. Charles Olke van der Plas, former East Java Governor at colonization epoch India-Dutch.
( Where the British Brigadier General Mallaby
was Killed in November 1945)
Translated as The Red Bridge which located at North Surabaya, in whose surrounding is one the most savage fightings ever seen on Java. The battle of Surabaya began on 10th November 1945, less than three months after the proclamation of the Indonesian independence day which readed in Jakarta and it was right here that Brigadir General Mallaby from England was killed. Further down the red bridge is the china town which surrounding packed with buildings of typical chinesse architectural and construction. It is still the most crowded business and trade center.
Jembatan Merah (Red Bridge) Area was a trade area that grows as the consequence of Paku Buwono II Agreement from Mataram with VOC by 11 Novembers 1743. In that agreement some of north coast areas, include Surabaya, delivered his domination to VOC. After that, Surabaya resided fully in Dutch power. Now, its position as the center trade is always taken place. Around the bridge, there is economics indicators, include one of them is Jembatan Merah Plaza.
Change of its physical happened around year of 1890-an, when its constrictor fence with the river changed from wood becomes iron. Now the bridge condition connects Rajawali Street and Kembang Jepun Street in north side of Surabaya, almost same with other bridge. Its difference is only the red color.
Because the strategic situation, hence Tanjung Perak port also the center sea transport of inters lair East Indonesia area. Ahead, Ocean ships unload and load its goods through lighters and boats that can reach Jembatan Merah (the first port by then) is reside in Surabaya city heart through Kalimas river. Because of the traffic commerce development and goods current improvement and the transportation current increase hence the dock facilities in Jembatan Merah finally fallen short.
Memorized the Heroic Event around Red Bridge (Jembatan Merah) Surabaya
To disarm Japan army, free interning Europe and cure the security safety in ex Japan occupy region in South-East Asia, include Indonesia, ally army (Allied Forces) assign Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, The Chief of Ally Army Commander In South-East Asia (Supreme Commander South East Asian Command).
For this duty, Mountbatten mobilizes 3 Divisions (British-Indian Divisions) and assisted by 2 Australian Divisions under General Morsehead.
But, besides the duty from Allied Forces, there is hidden agenda, which done by British army and Australian, that is assisting Dutch to get back at it country, as the agreement between English and Dutch in Chequers, near to London, on 24 Augusts 1945, named Civil Affairs Agreement, where agreed, that British army will clean strength armed of Republic of Indonesia, and deliver area which have " cleaned" to Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA).
British Battleship, HMS CUMBERLAND, has just arrived on 15 Septembers 1945 in Jakarta. Follow with this ship is Dr. Charles Olke van der Plas, former East Java Governor at colonization epoch India-Dutch.
Bromo Day Tour
Bromo Day Tour Package w/ Breakfast (Whispering Savannah Tour) $70.00
3+ $60.00
5+ $50.00
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this product...
The tour starts leaving in the morning at 06.00 for 3 hours' drive to Cemara Lawang village (2.300 m). After having a breakfast at local restaurant, the tour is continued & conducted through a jeep transfer, crossing the sea-of-sand, climbing 245 stairs cases to reach the rim crater of Mt. Bromo. After enjoying the lovely panorama from the peak of Mt. Bromo then proceed to "whispering savannah" the beautiful untouch green part of Bromo.
You will find yourself right in the middle of green savannah.
From there we return back to Surabaya. Approximately arrived in Surabaya at 17.00.
Duration : 11 hours
Included:
Transfer Surabaya – Bromo vv,
4WD for visiting Bromo & "whispering savannah",
Breakfast at Cemoro lawang,
English speaking driver / guide
Excluded:
Personal expenses & tips/gratitudes for driver
3+ $60.00
5+ $50.00
Ask a question about
this product...
The tour starts leaving in the morning at 06.00 for 3 hours' drive to Cemara Lawang village (2.300 m). After having a breakfast at local restaurant, the tour is continued & conducted through a jeep transfer, crossing the sea-of-sand, climbing 245 stairs cases to reach the rim crater of Mt. Bromo. After enjoying the lovely panorama from the peak of Mt. Bromo then proceed to "whispering savannah" the beautiful untouch green part of Bromo.
You will find yourself right in the middle of green savannah.
From there we return back to Surabaya. Approximately arrived in Surabaya at 17.00.
Duration : 11 hours
Included:
Transfer Surabaya – Bromo vv,
4WD for visiting Bromo & "whispering savannah",
Breakfast at Cemoro lawang,
English speaking driver / guide
Excluded:
Personal expenses & tips/gratitudes for driver
Selasa, 10 Juni 2008
Bromo MotorBike Tour
Bromo MotorBike Tour Package 2D1N (All inclusive)
$55.00
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this product...
Bromo MotorBike Tour Package 2D1N (All inclusive)
D1. Surabaya – Bromo (D)
From Surabaya, meeting services (afternoon) then drive up to Bromo area. On Arrival in Bromo area, check in hotel for overnight. The rest of the day is free at your own leisure. Early morning start Bromo Tour to see the sunrise from the top of Mt. Bromo…
D2. Bromo – Surabaya or Ketapang Ferry Terminal (B/L)
... The tour is conducted through crossing the sea-of-sand, climbing 245 stairs cases to reach the rim crater of Mt. Bromo where you will see the sunrise coming up beautifully from the eastern range of Mt. Tengger (If weather allowed). After enjoying the lovely sunrise and view of Mt. Bromo, return to hotel for breakfast. Next transfer to airport of Surabaya for you onward flight departure. Lunch will be provided en route to Surabaya.
Tour Fare : US$ 55 per person (valid for one person only)
Included:
Transfer Surabaya – Bromo by MotorBike,
1 Night Hotel Accommodation at Cemara Indah/Yoschi/Bromo Permai Hotel,
Tours & Meals as per itinerary,
English speaking biker cum as guide
$55.00
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Bromo MotorBike Tour Package 2D1N (All inclusive)
D1. Surabaya – Bromo (D)
From Surabaya, meeting services (afternoon) then drive up to Bromo area. On Arrival in Bromo area, check in hotel for overnight. The rest of the day is free at your own leisure. Early morning start Bromo Tour to see the sunrise from the top of Mt. Bromo…
D2. Bromo – Surabaya or Ketapang Ferry Terminal (B/L)
... The tour is conducted through crossing the sea-of-sand, climbing 245 stairs cases to reach the rim crater of Mt. Bromo where you will see the sunrise coming up beautifully from the eastern range of Mt. Tengger (If weather allowed). After enjoying the lovely sunrise and view of Mt. Bromo, return to hotel for breakfast. Next transfer to airport of Surabaya for you onward flight departure. Lunch will be provided en route to Surabaya.
Tour Fare : US$ 55 per person (valid for one person only)
Included:
Transfer Surabaya – Bromo by MotorBike,
1 Night Hotel Accommodation at Cemara Indah/Yoschi/Bromo Permai Hotel,
Tours & Meals as per itinerary,
English speaking biker cum as guide
Jumat, 16 Mei 2008
Pantai Barombong
Pantai Barombong Dijadikan
Kawasan Wisata Kuliner
Pemerintah pusat akhirnya menyuntikkan dana sekitar Rp 4 miliar untuk pembangunan kawasan wisata kuliner di Pantai Barombong, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, yang diharapkan selesai pada akhir 2008.
"Alokasi dana itu akan dimanfaatkan untuk penataan dan pembangunan infrastruktur dalam kawasan wisata pantai sepanjang tiga kilometer. Pantai Barombong telah mendapat kesepakatan masyarakat dan Pemerintah Kota (Pemkot) Makassar untuk dijadikan kawasan wisata kuliner.
Jadi, wisatawan yang ingin menikmati beragam makanan khas Makassar atau Sulawesi Selatan, nantinya akan diarahkan untuk mendatangi Pantai Barombong," kata Nico B Pasaka, Dirut Perusda Pariwisata dan Telekomunikasi Sulsel, seperti dikutip Antara di Makassar, Selasa (6/5) lalu.
Jika dana dari Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata bisa cair lebih cepat, diharapkan pembangunan kawasan wisata kuliner terbesar di kawasan timur Indonesia (KTI) ini akan menjadi salah satu objek wisata pilihan bagi peserta Tourism Indonesia Mart & Expo (TIME) dari mancanegara yang akan berlangsung pada 14 Oktober 2008 di Makassar.
"Kawasan wisata Pantai Barombong selama ini telah dikenal sebagai objek wisata pantai yang indah. Pantai itu akan ditata secara apik dengan konstruksi modern, sehingga tampil lebih menarik bagi wisatawan asing," ujar Nico.
Objek wisata yang memiliki hamparan pasir putih sepanjang garis pantai yang membentang dari utara ke selatan itu juga akan dilengkapi sejumlah fasilitas, antara lain lapangan voli pantai, jetski, banana boat, kano, dan tempat menyelam.
Selain itu juga disiapkan dua buah kapal pinisi yang berfungsi ganda, yakni sebagai restoran terapung malam hari serta menjadi kapal pesiar untuk mengangkut wisatawan yang akan menikmati sunset di Pantai Barombong dan Pantai Losari di waktu senja.
"Di atas pinisi, yakni perahu khas Sulsel produksi perajin perahu dari Tanabero, Kabupaten Bulukumba, wisatawan menikmati indahnya panorama sinar matahari yang memancarkan sinar ultraviolet terbenam ditelan bumi," kata Nico mengenai keindahan Pantai Barombong.
Di samping itu, di sepanjang garis pantai tersebut terdapat sejumlah objek wisata yang banyak dikunjungi wisatawan, antara lain Pantai Losari, Tanjung Bunga, Pantai Akkarena, dan Tanjung Bayam serta danau buatan Jeneberang. (Ami Herman)
Kawasan Wisata Kuliner
Pemerintah pusat akhirnya menyuntikkan dana sekitar Rp 4 miliar untuk pembangunan kawasan wisata kuliner di Pantai Barombong, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, yang diharapkan selesai pada akhir 2008.
"Alokasi dana itu akan dimanfaatkan untuk penataan dan pembangunan infrastruktur dalam kawasan wisata pantai sepanjang tiga kilometer. Pantai Barombong telah mendapat kesepakatan masyarakat dan Pemerintah Kota (Pemkot) Makassar untuk dijadikan kawasan wisata kuliner.
Jadi, wisatawan yang ingin menikmati beragam makanan khas Makassar atau Sulawesi Selatan, nantinya akan diarahkan untuk mendatangi Pantai Barombong," kata Nico B Pasaka, Dirut Perusda Pariwisata dan Telekomunikasi Sulsel, seperti dikutip Antara di Makassar, Selasa (6/5) lalu.
Jika dana dari Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata bisa cair lebih cepat, diharapkan pembangunan kawasan wisata kuliner terbesar di kawasan timur Indonesia (KTI) ini akan menjadi salah satu objek wisata pilihan bagi peserta Tourism Indonesia Mart & Expo (TIME) dari mancanegara yang akan berlangsung pada 14 Oktober 2008 di Makassar.
"Kawasan wisata Pantai Barombong selama ini telah dikenal sebagai objek wisata pantai yang indah. Pantai itu akan ditata secara apik dengan konstruksi modern, sehingga tampil lebih menarik bagi wisatawan asing," ujar Nico.
Objek wisata yang memiliki hamparan pasir putih sepanjang garis pantai yang membentang dari utara ke selatan itu juga akan dilengkapi sejumlah fasilitas, antara lain lapangan voli pantai, jetski, banana boat, kano, dan tempat menyelam.
Selain itu juga disiapkan dua buah kapal pinisi yang berfungsi ganda, yakni sebagai restoran terapung malam hari serta menjadi kapal pesiar untuk mengangkut wisatawan yang akan menikmati sunset di Pantai Barombong dan Pantai Losari di waktu senja.
"Di atas pinisi, yakni perahu khas Sulsel produksi perajin perahu dari Tanabero, Kabupaten Bulukumba, wisatawan menikmati indahnya panorama sinar matahari yang memancarkan sinar ultraviolet terbenam ditelan bumi," kata Nico mengenai keindahan Pantai Barombong.
Di samping itu, di sepanjang garis pantai tersebut terdapat sejumlah objek wisata yang banyak dikunjungi wisatawan, antara lain Pantai Losari, Tanjung Bunga, Pantai Akkarena, dan Tanjung Bayam serta danau buatan Jeneberang. (Ami Herman)
ಮಿತೋನಿ ceremony
MITONI
A Ritual for 7th Month of pregnancy
When a would-be mother is 7th month pregnant, carrying her first baby in her womb, a ritual ceremony called Mitoni is performed. (Mitoni is from the word pitu means seven). This traditional ceremony aims to request God’s blessings for the safety of the would be parents and the baby. Hopefully, the whole family shall live safely, happily and the child should bring a good life to the family. The child should have a noble life.
The whole ceremony consist of several steps of ritual, such as:
1. Siraman (holy bathing)
2. Dressing-up of the would be mother
3. Angkreman : Eggs-hatching etc.
4. Offering
Siraman
The Siraman could take place either in the family bathroom or in a special place in the backyard of the house, specially designed for this purpose. "Siraman" is from the word "Siram" means to take a bath. This holy bathing (Siraman) ritual in Mitoni is meant to purify the would be parents and the baby.
In a spacious green garden of a Javanese mansion, a special place has been beautifully arranged for a Mitoni’s Siraman Ceremony. A big golden bowl full with water and sritaman flowers, consist of rose, yasmin, magnolia and cananga is there. The water itself is holy water from seven springs.
In a bright sunny morning, a melodious gamelan music is being played to commemorate a Mitoni ceremony in the house of the would be mother’s parent. Several ladies in colorful traditional Kebaya (shirts) and Batik cloths are participating to give their blessing.
The would-be parent, wearing no accessories such as ring, bracelet, necklace, ear-ring etc. dressed in white loose cloth, escorted by several ladies are coming to the bath-place In the back garden. They are seated on chairs covered with old mat depicting that a man should work in accordane with his/her ability and several kind of plant leaves of opok-opok, alang-alang, oro-oro, dadap srep and awar-awar depicting safety and the leaves of kluwih depicting a more prosperous life.
The first person to bath the couple is the grand-father and then the grand mothers followed by several elder women with good moral back-ground who have already grand children. Usually there are 7 peoples to bath them, 7 is in Javanese Pitu, so they can give Pitulungan, means help.
At last, the couple is purified with holy water from seven springs, from an earthen were "KENDI" flash with a neck and a spout. When the Kendi is empty, it is broken on the floor, when the Kendi’s spout is not broken, it is believed, the baby should be a boy, otherwise it’s a girl.
Tropong: a small wooden weaving instrument is pushed thru a tube (tropong) made of 7 color textile cloth. It is prayed, the child’s delivery should be smooth and safe.
At the end of Siraman, the couple is dried with towels. The husband is dressed in a room, and the pregnant wife has to continue with other ritual in another room.
Note: Siraman with bathing a couple is in accordance with Mataram/old Yogyakarta’s tradition. Nowadays usually in many occasions, the "Troping-pushing" is not performed only the would be mother is bathed.
Dressing-up the would be mother
Several elder mothers shall dress her with breast and batik cloth. There are 6 kinds of batik pattern and one lurik cloth prepared for his occasion, all pattern have good suitable wishes for the family and the baby, among other:
The pattern of Ksatrian (responsible fighter); Wahyu Tumurun (heaven’s revelation to live in honorable position); Sidomukti (to live prosperously), etc. One by one different batik cloth has been tried by her, but only the seventh cloth of lurik (traditional woven cloth) is suitable for her, the pattern is Lasem.
Lurik Lasem is depicting, a weaving of a happy love, it should last for a long time, lurik is a simple material, but strong, so it should be the life of the family. The cords from coconut leaves and yarn which wrapped the would be mother are cut by her husband by using a Keris. The tip of the keris is covered by turmeric.
That’s mean that all obstacles faced by the family should be cut by the father. After cutting the cords, the father takes three steps back, turns around and runs away outside the house. This action depicts the smooth birth of the baby.
Brojolan:
2 young yellow ‘Gading" coconuts pushed thru the lurik cloth. Both the coconuts fall down to the pile of unworn batiks. It’s also depicting a safe birth. The coconuts (of Gading family-small and yellow in color; gading means ivory) are carved with drawing of God Kamajaya – the handsome and faithful God and goddess Ratih-the beautiful and faithful goddess. The married couple should have also a faithful relation.
The baby, a boy or a girl, just the same, shall be born safely and hopefully should be handsome as Kamajaya or beautiful as Ratih.
Angrem
It’s a Javanese word for eggs hatching. The couple sits on the pile of batik cloths as if sit on eggs, so the baby should be delivered on the proper time safely. They take different food from the offering which they put on a big stone plate (cobek).
They eat it together. They have to eat all what they have taken The big Cobek depicting the baby’s placenta. In Yogyakarta, the offering for Angrem’s ritual does not contain meat and other food from slaughtered animal. The couple is still concern for the baby.
These coconuts and the batik cloths should be put on the bed by elder persons, the best is by the grand mother and the grand father. Those things should stay and sleep together for the whole night with the would be parent. It’s an exercise to take care of the baby patiently.
In the next morning, the would be father breaks the coconuts, but if another pregnant women is asking these coconuts, they must be given to her. She and her husband shall do the breaking of the coconuts. It would like to say that in life, someone should not be egoistic, helping each other is appreciated.
Note: Nowadays, in the "brojolan" of coconuts, the future father, without seeing the coconuts, select one coconut and cuts through it, using a sharp chopping knife. If the coconut splitted in two, the audience would roar: "It's a girl". If from the coconut emerges a fountain like coconut milk, the audience would comment: "It's a boy". The other coconut is carried by the mother of the would be mother using a cloth sling and put it on the bed of the future parent.
The Legend and the Offering
The Mitoni’s ritual has been held since ancient time. Hereunder is the legend: there was a couple, the husband was Ki Sedya and the wife was Niken Satingkeb. She had delivered 9 babies, but all of them could not live until adult. The couple was very sad, they went to their King, the wise, just and clever King Jayabaya, having a sharp intuition (lived in the 11th century).
The wise and just Jayabaya, gave a fatherly advice to the couple. It was a proof that Jayabaya, the King with great dignity, whole-heartedly took care of his people’s fate, although Ki Sedya and Niken Satingkeb were only ordinary people.
The spiritual deed:
1. The couple has to purify themselves and pray solemnly their wish to the Holy Creator, God the Almighty.
2. She had to take holy bathing with water from seven springs.
The Offering/Sajen
Traditional sajen/offering is important in Javanese ritual.
* Together with the solemn, deep pray, the wish should be granted by God.
* Remembering the ancestors, their souls should live in peace in eternity and hopefully got a blessing from them.
* Avoiding evil deeds from spirit and human beings.
* The ritual should be safe and successful.
Mitoni’s offering consist of:
1. Old mat and plant leaves used for Siraman.
2. A live cock
symbolizing: the family could live well in the society.
7 kinds of rice cone, among other
Tumpeng Megana (with vegetables surrounding the rice. The sprout means "growing" the life)
Tumpeng Robyong, means safety
Tumpeng Gundul
Tumpeng Urubing Damar
3. 7 kinds of sambal
hot spicy side dishes, mainly from chili-peppers (The life becomes active and creative).
4. Sambal Rujak Mixed slice of fruits with sambal sauce.
5. Dinglo bengle herbs
It’s offered to combat evil spirit.
6. Sweet cookies from peanuts
The life to be sweet.
7. Vegetable side dishes
The children to be healthy
8. 7 Ketupat with "abon" inside
Ketupat-rice boiled in rhombus shaped packet of plaited young coconut leaves; abon-slices of fried meat. There is already prepared way for the baby to come out, just wait for proper time.
9. Traditional cakes, srabi and klepon (from rice and sugar)
10. Eggs of turtle on Tumpeng Megana; turtle is strong and has a good instinct.
11. Red and white porridges
Red porridges, it’s meant to remember and respect mothers, while the white is for the fathers.
12. Fruits
13. Different kind of cooked rice
Gurih rice – cooked with coconut milk, Punar rice – cooked with Temuric, it become ‘a yellow rice", Kebuli rice.
14. Dolls
a boy and a girl, the parents should welcome the newly born child, a boy or a girl.
15. The water dipper
used for siraman, is from a rice coconut, cut into two symetrically, still countains the coconut meat, there is a hole in the bottom.
A coconut tree is very useful, all parts of the tree i.e. the fruit, the leaves, the tree/wood are useful. Hopefully, the baby shall be a useful human being.
Ki Sedya and Niken Satingkeb succeeded in their effort, after practicing the advice of King Jayabaya. The other name of Mitoni is Tingkeban, in remembrance of Satingkeb. Nowadays, this Mitoni or Tingkeban ritual is still performed in Java and other places with Javanese lineage. No matter, which religion they profess or what profession they have, Mitoni could be performed by intellectual or ordinary people. They do it solemnly and at the same time with enthusiasm.
At the end of ritual, the happy couple is selling rujak (mixed of slices of fruits with hot sambal) and dawet (sweet refreshment drink, the juice is mixed of coconut milk and sugar with small pieces of soft cookies).
The payment is made with a piece of earthen roof-tile. Rujak is symbolizing enthusiastic life and dawet in this case is called dawet plencing, dawet is a healthy drink, plencing, if someone is leaving a place or a gathering without asking permission from the host or leaving unnoticed, dawet plencing is depicting a smooth and safe birth of the baby.
The source of this Mitoni article is
Mrs. Tati Soetadi Prawiroatmodjo, address: Karangwuni A. 15, Jl. Kaliurang Km 5 Yogyakarta 55281.
A pemaes (Javanese bridal make-up expert) and an expert of Javanese ritual. Sometimes, she performs as Master of Ceremony in performance related to Javanese ritual, as Mitoni or Tingkeban, Tedak Siten etc.
She lives happily in Yogyakarta with her husband, a retired official since 1985. The couple has 4 grown-up children, 3 are university graduates, the youngest is a university student in the last semester.
Some photos are from Pak Mulyono, from Sasminta Mardawa Dance Institution and Dr. Elsa Ludiro, from DR. Sardjito Hospital, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Joglosemar Online is grateful to them.
A Ritual for 7th Month of pregnancy
When a would-be mother is 7th month pregnant, carrying her first baby in her womb, a ritual ceremony called Mitoni is performed. (Mitoni is from the word pitu means seven). This traditional ceremony aims to request God’s blessings for the safety of the would be parents and the baby. Hopefully, the whole family shall live safely, happily and the child should bring a good life to the family. The child should have a noble life.
The whole ceremony consist of several steps of ritual, such as:
1. Siraman (holy bathing)
2. Dressing-up of the would be mother
3. Angkreman : Eggs-hatching etc.
4. Offering
Siraman
The Siraman could take place either in the family bathroom or in a special place in the backyard of the house, specially designed for this purpose. "Siraman" is from the word "Siram" means to take a bath. This holy bathing (Siraman) ritual in Mitoni is meant to purify the would be parents and the baby.
In a spacious green garden of a Javanese mansion, a special place has been beautifully arranged for a Mitoni’s Siraman Ceremony. A big golden bowl full with water and sritaman flowers, consist of rose, yasmin, magnolia and cananga is there. The water itself is holy water from seven springs.
In a bright sunny morning, a melodious gamelan music is being played to commemorate a Mitoni ceremony in the house of the would be mother’s parent. Several ladies in colorful traditional Kebaya (shirts) and Batik cloths are participating to give their blessing.
The would-be parent, wearing no accessories such as ring, bracelet, necklace, ear-ring etc. dressed in white loose cloth, escorted by several ladies are coming to the bath-place In the back garden. They are seated on chairs covered with old mat depicting that a man should work in accordane with his/her ability and several kind of plant leaves of opok-opok, alang-alang, oro-oro, dadap srep and awar-awar depicting safety and the leaves of kluwih depicting a more prosperous life.
The first person to bath the couple is the grand-father and then the grand mothers followed by several elder women with good moral back-ground who have already grand children. Usually there are 7 peoples to bath them, 7 is in Javanese Pitu, so they can give Pitulungan, means help.
At last, the couple is purified with holy water from seven springs, from an earthen were "KENDI" flash with a neck and a spout. When the Kendi is empty, it is broken on the floor, when the Kendi’s spout is not broken, it is believed, the baby should be a boy, otherwise it’s a girl.
Tropong: a small wooden weaving instrument is pushed thru a tube (tropong) made of 7 color textile cloth. It is prayed, the child’s delivery should be smooth and safe.
At the end of Siraman, the couple is dried with towels. The husband is dressed in a room, and the pregnant wife has to continue with other ritual in another room.
Note: Siraman with bathing a couple is in accordance with Mataram/old Yogyakarta’s tradition. Nowadays usually in many occasions, the "Troping-pushing" is not performed only the would be mother is bathed.
Dressing-up the would be mother
Several elder mothers shall dress her with breast and batik cloth. There are 6 kinds of batik pattern and one lurik cloth prepared for his occasion, all pattern have good suitable wishes for the family and the baby, among other:
The pattern of Ksatrian (responsible fighter); Wahyu Tumurun (heaven’s revelation to live in honorable position); Sidomukti (to live prosperously), etc. One by one different batik cloth has been tried by her, but only the seventh cloth of lurik (traditional woven cloth) is suitable for her, the pattern is Lasem.
Lurik Lasem is depicting, a weaving of a happy love, it should last for a long time, lurik is a simple material, but strong, so it should be the life of the family. The cords from coconut leaves and yarn which wrapped the would be mother are cut by her husband by using a Keris. The tip of the keris is covered by turmeric.
That’s mean that all obstacles faced by the family should be cut by the father. After cutting the cords, the father takes three steps back, turns around and runs away outside the house. This action depicts the smooth birth of the baby.
Brojolan:
2 young yellow ‘Gading" coconuts pushed thru the lurik cloth. Both the coconuts fall down to the pile of unworn batiks. It’s also depicting a safe birth. The coconuts (of Gading family-small and yellow in color; gading means ivory) are carved with drawing of God Kamajaya – the handsome and faithful God and goddess Ratih-the beautiful and faithful goddess. The married couple should have also a faithful relation.
The baby, a boy or a girl, just the same, shall be born safely and hopefully should be handsome as Kamajaya or beautiful as Ratih.
Angrem
It’s a Javanese word for eggs hatching. The couple sits on the pile of batik cloths as if sit on eggs, so the baby should be delivered on the proper time safely. They take different food from the offering which they put on a big stone plate (cobek).
They eat it together. They have to eat all what they have taken The big Cobek depicting the baby’s placenta. In Yogyakarta, the offering for Angrem’s ritual does not contain meat and other food from slaughtered animal. The couple is still concern for the baby.
These coconuts and the batik cloths should be put on the bed by elder persons, the best is by the grand mother and the grand father. Those things should stay and sleep together for the whole night with the would be parent. It’s an exercise to take care of the baby patiently.
In the next morning, the would be father breaks the coconuts, but if another pregnant women is asking these coconuts, they must be given to her. She and her husband shall do the breaking of the coconuts. It would like to say that in life, someone should not be egoistic, helping each other is appreciated.
Note: Nowadays, in the "brojolan" of coconuts, the future father, without seeing the coconuts, select one coconut and cuts through it, using a sharp chopping knife. If the coconut splitted in two, the audience would roar: "It's a girl". If from the coconut emerges a fountain like coconut milk, the audience would comment: "It's a boy". The other coconut is carried by the mother of the would be mother using a cloth sling and put it on the bed of the future parent.
The Legend and the Offering
The Mitoni’s ritual has been held since ancient time. Hereunder is the legend: there was a couple, the husband was Ki Sedya and the wife was Niken Satingkeb. She had delivered 9 babies, but all of them could not live until adult. The couple was very sad, they went to their King, the wise, just and clever King Jayabaya, having a sharp intuition (lived in the 11th century).
The wise and just Jayabaya, gave a fatherly advice to the couple. It was a proof that Jayabaya, the King with great dignity, whole-heartedly took care of his people’s fate, although Ki Sedya and Niken Satingkeb were only ordinary people.
The spiritual deed:
1. The couple has to purify themselves and pray solemnly their wish to the Holy Creator, God the Almighty.
2. She had to take holy bathing with water from seven springs.
The Offering/Sajen
Traditional sajen/offering is important in Javanese ritual.
* Together with the solemn, deep pray, the wish should be granted by God.
* Remembering the ancestors, their souls should live in peace in eternity and hopefully got a blessing from them.
* Avoiding evil deeds from spirit and human beings.
* The ritual should be safe and successful.
Mitoni’s offering consist of:
1. Old mat and plant leaves used for Siraman.
2. A live cock
symbolizing: the family could live well in the society.
7 kinds of rice cone, among other
Tumpeng Megana (with vegetables surrounding the rice. The sprout means "growing" the life)
Tumpeng Robyong, means safety
Tumpeng Gundul
Tumpeng Urubing Damar
3. 7 kinds of sambal
hot spicy side dishes, mainly from chili-peppers (The life becomes active and creative).
4. Sambal Rujak Mixed slice of fruits with sambal sauce.
5. Dinglo bengle herbs
It’s offered to combat evil spirit.
6. Sweet cookies from peanuts
The life to be sweet.
7. Vegetable side dishes
The children to be healthy
8. 7 Ketupat with "abon" inside
Ketupat-rice boiled in rhombus shaped packet of plaited young coconut leaves; abon-slices of fried meat. There is already prepared way for the baby to come out, just wait for proper time.
9. Traditional cakes, srabi and klepon (from rice and sugar)
10. Eggs of turtle on Tumpeng Megana; turtle is strong and has a good instinct.
11. Red and white porridges
Red porridges, it’s meant to remember and respect mothers, while the white is for the fathers.
12. Fruits
13. Different kind of cooked rice
Gurih rice – cooked with coconut milk, Punar rice – cooked with Temuric, it become ‘a yellow rice", Kebuli rice.
14. Dolls
a boy and a girl, the parents should welcome the newly born child, a boy or a girl.
15. The water dipper
used for siraman, is from a rice coconut, cut into two symetrically, still countains the coconut meat, there is a hole in the bottom.
A coconut tree is very useful, all parts of the tree i.e. the fruit, the leaves, the tree/wood are useful. Hopefully, the baby shall be a useful human being.
Ki Sedya and Niken Satingkeb succeeded in their effort, after practicing the advice of King Jayabaya. The other name of Mitoni is Tingkeban, in remembrance of Satingkeb. Nowadays, this Mitoni or Tingkeban ritual is still performed in Java and other places with Javanese lineage. No matter, which religion they profess or what profession they have, Mitoni could be performed by intellectual or ordinary people. They do it solemnly and at the same time with enthusiasm.
At the end of ritual, the happy couple is selling rujak (mixed of slices of fruits with hot sambal) and dawet (sweet refreshment drink, the juice is mixed of coconut milk and sugar with small pieces of soft cookies).
The payment is made with a piece of earthen roof-tile. Rujak is symbolizing enthusiastic life and dawet in this case is called dawet plencing, dawet is a healthy drink, plencing, if someone is leaving a place or a gathering without asking permission from the host or leaving unnoticed, dawet plencing is depicting a smooth and safe birth of the baby.
The source of this Mitoni article is
Mrs. Tati Soetadi Prawiroatmodjo, address: Karangwuni A. 15, Jl. Kaliurang Km 5 Yogyakarta 55281.
A pemaes (Javanese bridal make-up expert) and an expert of Javanese ritual. Sometimes, she performs as Master of Ceremony in performance related to Javanese ritual, as Mitoni or Tingkeban, Tedak Siten etc.
She lives happily in Yogyakarta with her husband, a retired official since 1985. The couple has 4 grown-up children, 3 are university graduates, the youngest is a university student in the last semester.
Some photos are from Pak Mulyono, from Sasminta Mardawa Dance Institution and Dr. Elsa Ludiro, from DR. Sardjito Hospital, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Joglosemar Online is grateful to them.
Senin, 12 Mei 2008
Aston Tuban Inn
Aston Tuban Inn : Bali Hotel Location
Aston Tuban Inn Picture 1Aston Tuban Inn is an imaginative new three star concept hotel located in the Tuban area of Kuta, close to the International airport and within easy reach of all of South Bali's main attractions including Kuta Beach, Discovery Mall and the main shopping areas and nightlife. Here Aston redefines the minimalist business hotel with an elegant style offering soothing colours, resort ambience and award winning service standards. It is the member of Aston, the trademark of the famous hotel group around the world. Aston Tuban Inn is the best hotel for a business traveller.
Bali Accommodation of Aston Tuban Inn
Aston Tuban Inn Picture 2Aston Tuban Inn have 76 rooms divided into Standard Room, Superior Pool, Business Suite and Executive Suite. The rooms with overlooking to the pool is one one the greatest. Aston Tuban Inn is the perfect hotel in Tuban with the best deal
Bali Hotel Facilities of Aston Tuban Inn
Aston Tuban Inn Picture 3Aston Tuban Inn offering the services either for room and hotel: mini bar room, deposit box, shoe shine service, tea/coffee service, business center, car rental services, high speed internet access, leisure concierfe, city 'check-in'.
Aston Tuban Inn
Room Rates Validity: April 1, 2008 - March 31, 2009
Type Rate E'Bed B'fast Booking
Standard Room 470000 125000 Yes Book Room!
Superior Pool 500000 125000 Yes Book Room!
Business Suite 650000 125000 Yes Book Room!
Executive Suite 770000 125000 Yes Book Room!
REMARKS:
Harga kamar hotel dalam Indonesia Rupiah (Rp.) dan hanya berlaku untuk WNI, pemegang KIMS atau KITAS.
Harga kamar sudah termasuk 11% pajak dan 10% jasa pelayanan.
Harga yang tercantum adalah harga per malam untuk 1 orang (single) atau 2 orang (double). Akan dikenakan extra charge untuk orang ke-3 tanpa maupun dengan extra bed.
Bayi umur 0-2 tahun tidak dikenakan biaya tambahan yang menempati kamar yang sama.
Akan dikenakan surcharge/biaya tambahan untuk High Season, Lebaran Season dan Peak Season.
Harga kamar untuk group dapat dinegosiasikan.
Aston Tuban Inn Picture 1Aston Tuban Inn is an imaginative new three star concept hotel located in the Tuban area of Kuta, close to the International airport and within easy reach of all of South Bali's main attractions including Kuta Beach, Discovery Mall and the main shopping areas and nightlife. Here Aston redefines the minimalist business hotel with an elegant style offering soothing colours, resort ambience and award winning service standards. It is the member of Aston, the trademark of the famous hotel group around the world. Aston Tuban Inn is the best hotel for a business traveller.
Bali Accommodation of Aston Tuban Inn
Aston Tuban Inn Picture 2Aston Tuban Inn have 76 rooms divided into Standard Room, Superior Pool, Business Suite and Executive Suite. The rooms with overlooking to the pool is one one the greatest. Aston Tuban Inn is the perfect hotel in Tuban with the best deal
Bali Hotel Facilities of Aston Tuban Inn
Aston Tuban Inn Picture 3Aston Tuban Inn offering the services either for room and hotel: mini bar room, deposit box, shoe shine service, tea/coffee service, business center, car rental services, high speed internet access, leisure concierfe, city 'check-in'.
Aston Tuban Inn
Room Rates Validity: April 1, 2008 - March 31, 2009
Type Rate E'Bed B'fast Booking
Standard Room 470000 125000 Yes Book Room!
Superior Pool 500000 125000 Yes Book Room!
Business Suite 650000 125000 Yes Book Room!
Executive Suite 770000 125000 Yes Book Room!
REMARKS:
Harga kamar hotel dalam Indonesia Rupiah (Rp.) dan hanya berlaku untuk WNI, pemegang KIMS atau KITAS.
Harga kamar sudah termasuk 11% pajak dan 10% jasa pelayanan.
Harga yang tercantum adalah harga per malam untuk 1 orang (single) atau 2 orang (double). Akan dikenakan extra charge untuk orang ke-3 tanpa maupun dengan extra bed.
Bayi umur 0-2 tahun tidak dikenakan biaya tambahan yang menempati kamar yang sama.
Akan dikenakan surcharge/biaya tambahan untuk High Season, Lebaran Season dan Peak Season.
Harga kamar untuk group dapat dinegosiasikan.
Rabu, 12 Maret 2008
A Secret From the Bottom of the Sea
A Secret From the Bottom of the Sea
In ancient times, a poor family existed within a kingdom in Bali. They were Mr. Tiwas and Mrs. Sugih. Because of their poorness, they didn’t even have enough money to eat, thereby suffering hunger every day.
One day, when pan Tiwas (pan = Balinese term for man/father/Mr.) could not take it any longer, he journeyed to a quiet area, where he saw a grassed cow tied to a tree by its owner. Pan Tiwas silently untied the cow and took it away to the south. Upon arriving at a safe place, he tied the cow to a coconut tree.
Pan Kobar, the cow’s owner, surprised to see that his cow was gone, searched for the cow in every single spot, but he could not find it. On purpose, Pan Tiwas walked back again around to where the cow was tied. “Hoi, pan Tiwas… Did you see my cow?” said pan Kobar to pan Tiwas.
“A Cow? where did you tie it up?” said pan Tiwas pretending . His face looked so convening, just like a surprised and concerned person. Pan Kobar pointed to a nearby tree, the spot where he tied his cow.
“Come along to my house. May be I can help you to find your cow,” said pan Tiwas who quickly returned to his own house.
When pan Tiwas was relaxing in front of his house, pan Kobar showed up with 10 kg of rice and 10 coins of money. “Pan Tiwas…please show me where is my cow?” said pan Kobar hopefully.
To hear that, with his tricky smile, pan Tiwas asks pan Kobar to go into the house. After siting down face-to-face, pan Tiwas took a keris (double-bladed dagger) outside. “I will ask for a clue to this divine keris,” pan Tiwas said murmuring a magic spell. After few seconds, suddenly pan Tiwas roaring. His eyes is goggling and staring at pan Kobar.
“Your cow is in the south. I will it now!” he said whilst pointed directly. Then, pan Kobar requested to leave, and rushed to the south. Actually, what is said by pan Tiwas is true. Pan Kobar found his cow there and still tied to the coconut tree.
Since that time, pan Tiwas became famous as a shaman. The report spread out quickly in the kingdom. The cruel king invited pan Tiwas to his palace. For such of honor, pan Tiwas felt glad but afraid as well. He was afraid if his trick was revealed that the king would cut of his head!
At the palace, the king asks pan Tiwas to guess the watermelon seeds on the table. Within his mind, that huge watermelon must be containing a lot of seeds he thought, but he did not know precisely the number. “I will wait for your answer tomorrow!” said the king with a cynical smile. “ If you have failed, your head will be cut off…”
Upon arriving at his house, pan Tiwas told to his wife what exactly was going on. Then, they both broke into tears. They realized that soon he would leave this world in peace. Finally, in the darkness of night, pan Tiwas with his wife sneaked out to cross the ocean with a small boat. He rows the boat slowly into the ocean passing a big boat belongs to a rich merchant from across country.
While crossing the merchant’s ship, pan Tiwas head a man chatting. “I’m sure tomorrow the shaman will die,” said one of the men. “Why are your so sure?” said the other man. “He will never ever to guess the watermelon seeds precisely.”
“Actually, how much seeds are there?”
“The watermelon contains of no seeds…ha..ha..ha…”
“Why are you definitely sure about that?”
“Because I gave the watermelon to the king.”
To hear that, pan Tiwas decided to cancel the escape. The next morning, the king was so surprised with pan Tiwas’ accurate answer in guessing the watermelon seeds. According to the deal, pan Tiwas awarded a good reward by the king.
On the night of that day, pan Tiwas with his wife escaped across the country. He thought that his luck was only an incidental happening that would never come twice. If the king ever asked him again for a bet , possibly his head will surely be taken off. Rather than that happen, he’d rather escape from his homeland to live in harmony and peace across the country.(Retold by Gung Man)
Balineselife
“Segara Gunung”
The life of the Balinese (Hindu) people cannot be separated from two elements namely, segara and gunung. Segara means beach/sea and gunung meaning mountain, which is similar to Akasa Pertiwi (sky and earth)/father-mother concept. Segara-Gunung is important to Balinese people (Hindu), because besides a resource of needs for human existence, segara-gunung is also an important site to execute ritual ceremony. There are three kinds of ceremonies performed on the beach/sea areas, they are melasti, nangluk merana, and nyagara gunung
he Melasti ceremony is usually performed around Nyepi Holy Day, Hindu’s newyear. Acording to Ida Peranda Gunung Blahbatuh (highest caste priest), the purpose of malasti ceremony is to plead to Hyang Baruna (the sea ruler) to bestow tirta kamandalu (holy water located in the midst of the ocean) convinced to be able to purify human mind and the environment. Around Nyepi, Hindu members will also execute this ceremony around great ceremonial activity. Here, it aimed to clean the space, and to purify the human’s mind where the ceremony takes place.
The Nyagara gunung ceremony is very much related with ngaben. Ngaben is belonging to pitra yadnya, which is one of the five yadnya performed by the Balinese. Those five are called Panca Yadnya (five holy sacrifice), consisting of; (1), Dewa yadnya, which mean holy sacrifice to the deities. (2), Resi yadnya, holy sacrifice served to a holy person, such as rsi and pendeta (priest) (3), Pitra yadnya, a holy sacrifice offered to ancestors or human spirits (4), Manusia yadnya, holy sacrifices to human beings, and (5), Butha yadnya is the holy sacrifice to the universe, and its invisible elements, in order to create a harmonious relation between humans and those five elements above.
Nangluk merana is a ceremony executed right on tilem sasih kanem (the dark moon on the sixth month) of the Balinese calendar. The word “nangluk” means to prevent, and “merana” means illness or disease. So, Nangluk Merana means a ceremony aimed at preventing many kinds of diseases. The Balinese believe that sasih kanem is an unfortunate sasih (month), therefore, the Nangluk Merana ceremony is needed to escape from disease abuse. The purpose of this ceremony is a plea to the sea ruler who resides in Pura Dalem Peed that designates with Ratu Gede Macaling, in order to bestow safeness for the entire Balinese people. Especially for the Gianyar society, this Nangluk Merana ceremony centrally sited at Lebih Beach, and regularly adhered by thousands of religious members, starts from morning until night.
Ngaben is a more important ceremony than other ceremonies. It is important, because Balinese Hindus believe that within ngaben ceremony, they can repay a debt to a deceased person. Ngaben ceremony is a good-bye ceremony between living people and the dead. Its convinced that the dead person will leave the real world heading towards an unreal realm. The word “ngaben” comes from the word abu (ash) asserted with prefix “ng”, becomes ngabu, which means to make something become ash.
After the corpse is burnt and becomes ashes, then followes a nganyut ceremony, which is executed at a river with the condition that the water channel must directly link with the ocean. The purpose of nganyut is returning the human’s element that naturally comes from water.
After 12 days from the ngaben ceremony, another ceremony is conducted. nyagara gunung. Nyagara gunung means headed to the sea and mountain. The purpose is to return the element sources that come from the sea and the mountain. The beaches are regularly used for nyagara gunung ceremonies by the Balinese Hindu people, especially in southern Bali, Kusamba Beach and the mountain Goa Lawah, both are located in the Klungkung Regency.
In ancient times, a poor family existed within a kingdom in Bali. They were Mr. Tiwas and Mrs. Sugih. Because of their poorness, they didn’t even have enough money to eat, thereby suffering hunger every day.
One day, when pan Tiwas (pan = Balinese term for man/father/Mr.) could not take it any longer, he journeyed to a quiet area, where he saw a grassed cow tied to a tree by its owner. Pan Tiwas silently untied the cow and took it away to the south. Upon arriving at a safe place, he tied the cow to a coconut tree.
Pan Kobar, the cow’s owner, surprised to see that his cow was gone, searched for the cow in every single spot, but he could not find it. On purpose, Pan Tiwas walked back again around to where the cow was tied. “Hoi, pan Tiwas… Did you see my cow?” said pan Kobar to pan Tiwas.
“A Cow? where did you tie it up?” said pan Tiwas pretending . His face looked so convening, just like a surprised and concerned person. Pan Kobar pointed to a nearby tree, the spot where he tied his cow.
“Come along to my house. May be I can help you to find your cow,” said pan Tiwas who quickly returned to his own house.
When pan Tiwas was relaxing in front of his house, pan Kobar showed up with 10 kg of rice and 10 coins of money. “Pan Tiwas…please show me where is my cow?” said pan Kobar hopefully.
To hear that, with his tricky smile, pan Tiwas asks pan Kobar to go into the house. After siting down face-to-face, pan Tiwas took a keris (double-bladed dagger) outside. “I will ask for a clue to this divine keris,” pan Tiwas said murmuring a magic spell. After few seconds, suddenly pan Tiwas roaring. His eyes is goggling and staring at pan Kobar.
“Your cow is in the south. I will it now!” he said whilst pointed directly. Then, pan Kobar requested to leave, and rushed to the south. Actually, what is said by pan Tiwas is true. Pan Kobar found his cow there and still tied to the coconut tree.
Since that time, pan Tiwas became famous as a shaman. The report spread out quickly in the kingdom. The cruel king invited pan Tiwas to his palace. For such of honor, pan Tiwas felt glad but afraid as well. He was afraid if his trick was revealed that the king would cut of his head!
At the palace, the king asks pan Tiwas to guess the watermelon seeds on the table. Within his mind, that huge watermelon must be containing a lot of seeds he thought, but he did not know precisely the number. “I will wait for your answer tomorrow!” said the king with a cynical smile. “ If you have failed, your head will be cut off…”
Upon arriving at his house, pan Tiwas told to his wife what exactly was going on. Then, they both broke into tears. They realized that soon he would leave this world in peace. Finally, in the darkness of night, pan Tiwas with his wife sneaked out to cross the ocean with a small boat. He rows the boat slowly into the ocean passing a big boat belongs to a rich merchant from across country.
While crossing the merchant’s ship, pan Tiwas head a man chatting. “I’m sure tomorrow the shaman will die,” said one of the men. “Why are your so sure?” said the other man. “He will never ever to guess the watermelon seeds precisely.”
“Actually, how much seeds are there?”
“The watermelon contains of no seeds…ha..ha..ha…”
“Why are you definitely sure about that?”
“Because I gave the watermelon to the king.”
To hear that, pan Tiwas decided to cancel the escape. The next morning, the king was so surprised with pan Tiwas’ accurate answer in guessing the watermelon seeds. According to the deal, pan Tiwas awarded a good reward by the king.
On the night of that day, pan Tiwas with his wife escaped across the country. He thought that his luck was only an incidental happening that would never come twice. If the king ever asked him again for a bet , possibly his head will surely be taken off. Rather than that happen, he’d rather escape from his homeland to live in harmony and peace across the country.(Retold by Gung Man)
Balineselife
“Segara Gunung”
The life of the Balinese (Hindu) people cannot be separated from two elements namely, segara and gunung. Segara means beach/sea and gunung meaning mountain, which is similar to Akasa Pertiwi (sky and earth)/father-mother concept. Segara-Gunung is important to Balinese people (Hindu), because besides a resource of needs for human existence, segara-gunung is also an important site to execute ritual ceremony. There are three kinds of ceremonies performed on the beach/sea areas, they are melasti, nangluk merana, and nyagara gunung
he Melasti ceremony is usually performed around Nyepi Holy Day, Hindu’s newyear. Acording to Ida Peranda Gunung Blahbatuh (highest caste priest), the purpose of malasti ceremony is to plead to Hyang Baruna (the sea ruler) to bestow tirta kamandalu (holy water located in the midst of the ocean) convinced to be able to purify human mind and the environment. Around Nyepi, Hindu members will also execute this ceremony around great ceremonial activity. Here, it aimed to clean the space, and to purify the human’s mind where the ceremony takes place.
The Nyagara gunung ceremony is very much related with ngaben. Ngaben is belonging to pitra yadnya, which is one of the five yadnya performed by the Balinese. Those five are called Panca Yadnya (five holy sacrifice), consisting of; (1), Dewa yadnya, which mean holy sacrifice to the deities. (2), Resi yadnya, holy sacrifice served to a holy person, such as rsi and pendeta (priest) (3), Pitra yadnya, a holy sacrifice offered to ancestors or human spirits (4), Manusia yadnya, holy sacrifices to human beings, and (5), Butha yadnya is the holy sacrifice to the universe, and its invisible elements, in order to create a harmonious relation between humans and those five elements above.
Nangluk merana is a ceremony executed right on tilem sasih kanem (the dark moon on the sixth month) of the Balinese calendar. The word “nangluk” means to prevent, and “merana” means illness or disease. So, Nangluk Merana means a ceremony aimed at preventing many kinds of diseases. The Balinese believe that sasih kanem is an unfortunate sasih (month), therefore, the Nangluk Merana ceremony is needed to escape from disease abuse. The purpose of this ceremony is a plea to the sea ruler who resides in Pura Dalem Peed that designates with Ratu Gede Macaling, in order to bestow safeness for the entire Balinese people. Especially for the Gianyar society, this Nangluk Merana ceremony centrally sited at Lebih Beach, and regularly adhered by thousands of religious members, starts from morning until night.
Ngaben is a more important ceremony than other ceremonies. It is important, because Balinese Hindus believe that within ngaben ceremony, they can repay a debt to a deceased person. Ngaben ceremony is a good-bye ceremony between living people and the dead. Its convinced that the dead person will leave the real world heading towards an unreal realm. The word “ngaben” comes from the word abu (ash) asserted with prefix “ng”, becomes ngabu, which means to make something become ash.
After the corpse is burnt and becomes ashes, then followes a nganyut ceremony, which is executed at a river with the condition that the water channel must directly link with the ocean. The purpose of nganyut is returning the human’s element that naturally comes from water.
After 12 days from the ngaben ceremony, another ceremony is conducted. nyagara gunung. Nyagara gunung means headed to the sea and mountain. The purpose is to return the element sources that come from the sea and the mountain. The beaches are regularly used for nyagara gunung ceremonies by the Balinese Hindu people, especially in southern Bali, Kusamba Beach and the mountain Goa Lawah, both are located in the Klungkung Regency.
A Secret From the Bottom of the Sea
A Secret From the Bottom of the Sea
In ancient times, a poor family existed within a kingdom in Bali. They were Mr. Tiwas and Mrs. Sugih. Because of their poorness, they didn’t even have enough money to eat, thereby suffering hunger every day.
One day, when pan Tiwas (pan = Balinese term for man/father/Mr.) could not take it any longer, he journeyed to a quiet area, where he saw a grassed cow tied to a tree by its owner. Pan Tiwas silently untied the cow and took it away to the south. Upon arriving at a safe place, he tied the cow to a coconut tree.
Pan Kobar, the cow’s owner, surprised to see that his cow was gone, searched for the cow in every single spot, but he could not find it. On purpose, Pan Tiwas walked back again around to where the cow was tied. “Hoi, pan Tiwas… Did you see my cow?” said pan Kobar to pan Tiwas.
“A Cow? where did you tie it up?” said pan Tiwas pretending . His face looked so convening, just like a surprised and concerned person. Pan Kobar pointed to a nearby tree, the spot where he tied his cow.
“Come along to my house. May be I can help you to find your cow,” said pan Tiwas who quickly returned to his own house.
When pan Tiwas was relaxing in front of his house, pan Kobar showed up with 10 kg of rice and 10 coins of money. “Pan Tiwas…please show me where is my cow?” said pan Kobar hopefully.
To hear that, with his tricky smile, pan Tiwas asks pan Kobar to go into the house. After siting down face-to-face, pan Tiwas took a keris (double-bladed dagger) outside. “I will ask for a clue to this divine keris,” pan Tiwas said murmuring a magic spell. After few seconds, suddenly pan Tiwas roaring. His eyes is goggling and staring at pan Kobar.
“Your cow is in the south. I will it now!” he said whilst pointed directly. Then, pan Kobar requested to leave, and rushed to the south. Actually, what is said by pan Tiwas is true. Pan Kobar found his cow there and still tied to the coconut tree.
Since that time, pan Tiwas became famous as a shaman. The report spread out quickly in the kingdom. The cruel king invited pan Tiwas to his palace. For such of honor, pan Tiwas felt glad but afraid as well. He was afraid if his trick was revealed that the king would cut of his head!
At the palace, the king asks pan Tiwas to guess the watermelon seeds on the table. Within his mind, that huge watermelon must be containing a lot of seeds he thought, but he did not know precisely the number. “I will wait for your answer tomorrow!” said the king with a cynical smile. “ If you have failed, your head will be cut off…”
Upon arriving at his house, pan Tiwas told to his wife what exactly was going on. Then, they both broke into tears. They realized that soon he would leave this world in peace. Finally, in the darkness of night, pan Tiwas with his wife sneaked out to cross the ocean with a small boat. He rows the boat slowly into the ocean passing a big boat belongs to a rich merchant from across country.
While crossing the merchant’s ship, pan Tiwas head a man chatting. “I’m sure tomorrow the shaman will die,” said one of the men. “Why are your so sure?” said the other man. “He will never ever to guess the watermelon seeds precisely.”
“Actually, how much seeds are there?”
“The watermelon contains of no seeds…ha..ha..ha…”
“Why are you definitely sure about that?”
“Because I gave the watermelon to the king.”
To hear that, pan Tiwas decided to cancel the escape. The next morning, the king was so surprised with pan Tiwas’ accurate answer in guessing the watermelon seeds. According to the deal, pan Tiwas awarded a good reward by the king.
On the night of that day, pan Tiwas with his wife escaped across the country. He thought that his luck was only an incidental happening that would never come twice. If the king ever asked him again for a bet , possibly his head will surely be taken off. Rather than that happen, he’d rather escape from his homeland to live in harmony and peace across the country.(Retold by Gung Man)
Balineselife
“Segara Gunung”
The life of the Balinese (Hindu) people cannot be separated from two elements namely, segara and gunung. Segara means beach/sea and gunung meaning mountain, which is similar to Akasa Pertiwi (sky and earth)/father-mother concept. Segara-Gunung is important to Balinese people (Hindu), because besides a resource of needs for human existence, segara-gunung is also an important site to execute ritual ceremony. There are three kinds of ceremonies performed on the beach/sea areas, they are melasti, nangluk merana, and nyagara gunung
he Melasti ceremony is usually performed around Nyepi Holy Day, Hindu’s newyear. Acording to Ida Peranda Gunung Blahbatuh (highest caste priest), the purpose of malasti ceremony is to plead to Hyang Baruna (the sea ruler) to bestow tirta kamandalu (holy water located in the midst of the ocean) convinced to be able to purify human mind and the environment. Around Nyepi, Hindu members will also execute this ceremony around great ceremonial activity. Here, it aimed to clean the space, and to purify the human’s mind where the ceremony takes place.
The Nyagara gunung ceremony is very much related with ngaben. Ngaben is belonging to pitra yadnya, which is one of the five yadnya performed by the Balinese. Those five are called Panca Yadnya (five holy sacrifice), consisting of; (1), Dewa yadnya, which mean holy sacrifice to the deities. (2), Resi yadnya, holy sacrifice served to a holy person, such as rsi and pendeta (priest) (3), Pitra yadnya, a holy sacrifice offered to ancestors or human spirits (4), Manusia yadnya, holy sacrifices to human beings, and (5), Butha yadnya is the holy sacrifice to the universe, and its invisible elements, in order to create a harmonious relation between humans and those five elements above.
Nangluk merana is a ceremony executed right on tilem sasih kanem (the dark moon on the sixth month) of the Balinese calendar. The word “nangluk” means to prevent, and “merana” means illness or disease. So, Nangluk Merana means a ceremony aimed at preventing many kinds of diseases. The Balinese believe that sasih kanem is an unfortunate sasih (month), therefore, the Nangluk Merana ceremony is needed to escape from disease abuse. The purpose of this ceremony is a plea to the sea ruler who resides in Pura Dalem Peed that designates with Ratu Gede Macaling, in order to bestow safeness for the entire Balinese people. Especially for the Gianyar society, this Nangluk Merana ceremony centrally sited at Lebih Beach, and regularly adhered by thousands of religious members, starts from morning until night.
Ngaben is a more important ceremony than other ceremonies. It is important, because Balinese Hindus believe that within ngaben ceremony, they can repay a debt to a deceased person. Ngaben ceremony is a good-bye ceremony between living people and the dead. Its convinced that the dead person will leave the real world heading towards an unreal realm. The word “ngaben” comes from the word abu (ash) asserted with prefix “ng”, becomes ngabu, which means to make something become ash.
After the corpse is burnt and becomes ashes, then followes a nganyut ceremony, which is executed at a river with the condition that the water channel must directly link with the ocean. The purpose of nganyut is returning the human’s element that naturally comes from water.
After 12 days from the ngaben ceremony, another ceremony is conducted. nyagara gunung. Nyagara gunung means headed to the sea and mountain. The purpose is to return the element sources that come from the sea and the mountain. The beaches are regularly used for nyagara gunung ceremonies by the Balinese Hindu people, especially in southern Bali, Kusamba Beach and the mountain Goa Lawah, both are located in the Klungkung Regency.
In ancient times, a poor family existed within a kingdom in Bali. They were Mr. Tiwas and Mrs. Sugih. Because of their poorness, they didn’t even have enough money to eat, thereby suffering hunger every day.
One day, when pan Tiwas (pan = Balinese term for man/father/Mr.) could not take it any longer, he journeyed to a quiet area, where he saw a grassed cow tied to a tree by its owner. Pan Tiwas silently untied the cow and took it away to the south. Upon arriving at a safe place, he tied the cow to a coconut tree.
Pan Kobar, the cow’s owner, surprised to see that his cow was gone, searched for the cow in every single spot, but he could not find it. On purpose, Pan Tiwas walked back again around to where the cow was tied. “Hoi, pan Tiwas… Did you see my cow?” said pan Kobar to pan Tiwas.
“A Cow? where did you tie it up?” said pan Tiwas pretending . His face looked so convening, just like a surprised and concerned person. Pan Kobar pointed to a nearby tree, the spot where he tied his cow.
“Come along to my house. May be I can help you to find your cow,” said pan Tiwas who quickly returned to his own house.
When pan Tiwas was relaxing in front of his house, pan Kobar showed up with 10 kg of rice and 10 coins of money. “Pan Tiwas…please show me where is my cow?” said pan Kobar hopefully.
To hear that, with his tricky smile, pan Tiwas asks pan Kobar to go into the house. After siting down face-to-face, pan Tiwas took a keris (double-bladed dagger) outside. “I will ask for a clue to this divine keris,” pan Tiwas said murmuring a magic spell. After few seconds, suddenly pan Tiwas roaring. His eyes is goggling and staring at pan Kobar.
“Your cow is in the south. I will it now!” he said whilst pointed directly. Then, pan Kobar requested to leave, and rushed to the south. Actually, what is said by pan Tiwas is true. Pan Kobar found his cow there and still tied to the coconut tree.
Since that time, pan Tiwas became famous as a shaman. The report spread out quickly in the kingdom. The cruel king invited pan Tiwas to his palace. For such of honor, pan Tiwas felt glad but afraid as well. He was afraid if his trick was revealed that the king would cut of his head!
At the palace, the king asks pan Tiwas to guess the watermelon seeds on the table. Within his mind, that huge watermelon must be containing a lot of seeds he thought, but he did not know precisely the number. “I will wait for your answer tomorrow!” said the king with a cynical smile. “ If you have failed, your head will be cut off…”
Upon arriving at his house, pan Tiwas told to his wife what exactly was going on. Then, they both broke into tears. They realized that soon he would leave this world in peace. Finally, in the darkness of night, pan Tiwas with his wife sneaked out to cross the ocean with a small boat. He rows the boat slowly into the ocean passing a big boat belongs to a rich merchant from across country.
While crossing the merchant’s ship, pan Tiwas head a man chatting. “I’m sure tomorrow the shaman will die,” said one of the men. “Why are your so sure?” said the other man. “He will never ever to guess the watermelon seeds precisely.”
“Actually, how much seeds are there?”
“The watermelon contains of no seeds…ha..ha..ha…”
“Why are you definitely sure about that?”
“Because I gave the watermelon to the king.”
To hear that, pan Tiwas decided to cancel the escape. The next morning, the king was so surprised with pan Tiwas’ accurate answer in guessing the watermelon seeds. According to the deal, pan Tiwas awarded a good reward by the king.
On the night of that day, pan Tiwas with his wife escaped across the country. He thought that his luck was only an incidental happening that would never come twice. If the king ever asked him again for a bet , possibly his head will surely be taken off. Rather than that happen, he’d rather escape from his homeland to live in harmony and peace across the country.(Retold by Gung Man)
Balineselife
“Segara Gunung”
The life of the Balinese (Hindu) people cannot be separated from two elements namely, segara and gunung. Segara means beach/sea and gunung meaning mountain, which is similar to Akasa Pertiwi (sky and earth)/father-mother concept. Segara-Gunung is important to Balinese people (Hindu), because besides a resource of needs for human existence, segara-gunung is also an important site to execute ritual ceremony. There are three kinds of ceremonies performed on the beach/sea areas, they are melasti, nangluk merana, and nyagara gunung
he Melasti ceremony is usually performed around Nyepi Holy Day, Hindu’s newyear. Acording to Ida Peranda Gunung Blahbatuh (highest caste priest), the purpose of malasti ceremony is to plead to Hyang Baruna (the sea ruler) to bestow tirta kamandalu (holy water located in the midst of the ocean) convinced to be able to purify human mind and the environment. Around Nyepi, Hindu members will also execute this ceremony around great ceremonial activity. Here, it aimed to clean the space, and to purify the human’s mind where the ceremony takes place.
The Nyagara gunung ceremony is very much related with ngaben. Ngaben is belonging to pitra yadnya, which is one of the five yadnya performed by the Balinese. Those five are called Panca Yadnya (five holy sacrifice), consisting of; (1), Dewa yadnya, which mean holy sacrifice to the deities. (2), Resi yadnya, holy sacrifice served to a holy person, such as rsi and pendeta (priest) (3), Pitra yadnya, a holy sacrifice offered to ancestors or human spirits (4), Manusia yadnya, holy sacrifices to human beings, and (5), Butha yadnya is the holy sacrifice to the universe, and its invisible elements, in order to create a harmonious relation between humans and those five elements above.
Nangluk merana is a ceremony executed right on tilem sasih kanem (the dark moon on the sixth month) of the Balinese calendar. The word “nangluk” means to prevent, and “merana” means illness or disease. So, Nangluk Merana means a ceremony aimed at preventing many kinds of diseases. The Balinese believe that sasih kanem is an unfortunate sasih (month), therefore, the Nangluk Merana ceremony is needed to escape from disease abuse. The purpose of this ceremony is a plea to the sea ruler who resides in Pura Dalem Peed that designates with Ratu Gede Macaling, in order to bestow safeness for the entire Balinese people. Especially for the Gianyar society, this Nangluk Merana ceremony centrally sited at Lebih Beach, and regularly adhered by thousands of religious members, starts from morning until night.
Ngaben is a more important ceremony than other ceremonies. It is important, because Balinese Hindus believe that within ngaben ceremony, they can repay a debt to a deceased person. Ngaben ceremony is a good-bye ceremony between living people and the dead. Its convinced that the dead person will leave the real world heading towards an unreal realm. The word “ngaben” comes from the word abu (ash) asserted with prefix “ng”, becomes ngabu, which means to make something become ash.
After the corpse is burnt and becomes ashes, then followes a nganyut ceremony, which is executed at a river with the condition that the water channel must directly link with the ocean. The purpose of nganyut is returning the human’s element that naturally comes from water.
After 12 days from the ngaben ceremony, another ceremony is conducted. nyagara gunung. Nyagara gunung means headed to the sea and mountain. The purpose is to return the element sources that come from the sea and the mountain. The beaches are regularly used for nyagara gunung ceremonies by the Balinese Hindu people, especially in southern Bali, Kusamba Beach and the mountain Goa Lawah, both are located in the Klungkung Regency.
Source: NGSA
The natural gas industry is an extremely important segment of the U.S. economy. In addition to providing one of the cleanest burning fuels available to all segments of the economy, the industry itself provides much valuable commerce to the U.S. economy. Below is a brief description of the structure of the natural gas industry and market, as well as links to information on the make-up of the various segments of the natural gas industry, and recent statistics regarding the supply of natural gas. To learn about the processes associated with the natural gas supply chain, click here.
To jump ahead to specific topics in this section, click on the links below:
* Overview of Industry Structure - discusses how different market participants interact to bring supplies of natural gas to the market.
* Industry Makeup - discusses the composition of the industry.
* Natural Gas Market Overview - discusses the natural gas market, and the forces that affect the interaction of supply and demand for natural gas
* . Market Activity -provides a snapshot of recent wholesale market activity as reported by various indices and platforms.
Overview of Industry Structure
The structure of the natural gas industry has changed dramatically since the mid-1980's. In the past, the structure of the natural gas industry was simple, with limited flexibility and few options for natural gas delivery. Exploration and production companies explored and drilled for natural gas, selling their product at the wellhead to large transportation pipelines. These pipelines transported the natural gas, selling it to local distribution utilities, who in turn distributed and sold that gas to its customers. The prices for which producers could sell natural gas to transportation pipelines was federally regulated, as was the price at which pipelines could sell to local distribution companies. State regulation monitored the price at which local distribution companies could sell natural gas to their customers.
Getting Natural Gas to Market - Prior to Deregulation and Pipeline Unbundling
Source: NGSA
Thus, the structure of the natural gas industry prior to deregulation and pipeline unbundling was very straightforward. However, with regulation of wellhead prices, as well as assured monopolies for large transportation pipelines and distribution companies, there was little competition in the marketplace, and incentives to improve service and innovate were few. Regulation of the industry also led to natural gas shortages in the 1970s, and surpluses in the 1980s. To review the history of natural gas regulation, click here.
The natural gas industry today has changed dramatically, and is much more open to competition and choice. Wellhead prices are no longer regulated; meaning the price of natural gas is dependent on supply and demand interactions. Interstate pipelines no longer take ownership of the natural gas commodity; instead they offer only the transportation component, which is still under federal regulation. LDCs continue to offer bundled products to their customers, although retail unbundling taking place in many states allows the use of their distribution network for the transportation component alone. End users may purchase natural gas directly from producers or LDCs.
One of the primary differences in the current structure of the market is the existence of natural gas marketers. Marketers serve to facilitate the movement of natural gas from the producer to the end user. Essentially, marketers can serve as a middle-man between any two parties, and can offer either bundled or unbundled service to its customers. Thus, in the structure mentioned above, marketers may be present between any two parties to facilitate the sale or purchase of natural gas, and can also contract for transportation and storage. Marketers may own the natural gas being transferred, or may simply facilitate its transportation and storage. Essentially, a myriad of different ownership pathways exist for natural gas to proceed from producer to end user.
Simplified Structure of Industry after Pipeline Unbundling
Source: NGSA
The diagram shows a simplified representation of the structure of the natural gas industry after pipeline unbundling and wellhead price deregulation. It is important to note that the actual ownership pathway of the gas may be significantly more complicated, as the marketer or the LDC are not the final users. Either of these two entities may sell directly to the end user, or to other marketers or LDCs.
The regulatory environment of the day has a dramatic effect on shaping the structure of the industry. To learn more about the current regulatory environment for the natural gas industry, click here.
The actions of the federal government and its related agencies and departments can also have a significant impact on the structure and functioning of the natural gas industry. To learn more about how government actions can affect the natural gas industry, click here.
Source: NGSA
Industry Makeup
Now that the basic structure of the natural gas industry has been discussed, it is possible to examine the business characteristics and relevant statistics of each industry segment.
An excellent source for statistics and information on the natural gas industry and its various sectors is the Energy Information Administration (EIA). The EIA was created in 1977 as the statistical arm of the Department of Energy, charged with developing energy data and analyses that help to enhance the understanding of the energy industry. Click here to view the EIA's homepage. For a good overview of relevant updated statistics related to the natural gas industry, view the EIA's summary statistics on natural gas here.
Below are some statistics (based on EIA data for the year 2007) on the makeup of the natural gas industry. Follow the links to view the most up to date information on each sector:
* Producers - There are over 6,300 producers of natural gas in the United States. These companies range from large integrated producers with worldwide operations and interests in all segments of the oil and gas industry, to small one or two person operations that may only have partial interest in a single well. The largest integrated production companies are termed 'Majors', of which there are 21 active in the United States. For more information on the production of natural gas in the United States, click here. Information on the production of natural gas is also available on EIA's website here.
* Processing - There are over 530 natural gas processing plants in the United States, which were responsible for processing almost 15 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and extracting over 630 million barrels of natural gas liquids in 2006. For more information on natural gas processing, visit the Gas Processors Association here. For updated statistics on the processing of natural gas in the United States, click here.
* Pipelines - There are about 160 pipeline companies in the United States, operating over 300,000 miles of pipe. Of this, 180,000 miles consist of interstate pipelines. This pipeline capacity is capable of transporting over 148 Billion cubic feet (Bcf) of gas per day from producing regions to consuming regions. For more information on the natural gas pipeline infrastructure in the United States, click here. To see a list of major pipeline companies, including links to their websites, visit the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's website here.
* Storage - There are about 123 natural gas storage operators in the United States, which control approximately 400 underground storage facilities. These facilities have a storage capacity of 4,059 Bcf of natural gas, and an average daily deliverability of 85 Bcf per day. The EIA maintains a weekly storage survey, monitoring the injection and withdrawal of stored natural gas. This survey gives a good indication of the status of the natural gas market, measuring the natural gas that is extracted or stored at any one time in response to the demand for natural gas. To learn more about this survey, visit the EIA here. To view more statistics and information related to natural gas storage in the United States, click here.
* Marketing - The status of the natural gas marketing segment of the industry is constantly changing, as companies enter and exit from the industry quite frequently. As of 2000, there were over 260 companies involved in the marketing of natural gas. In this same year, about 80 percent of all the natural gas supplied and consumed in North America passed through the hands of natural gas marketers. The volume of non-physical natural gas that passes through the hands of marketers is very large, and can be much greater than the actual physical volume consumed. This is an indication of vibrant, transparent commodity markets for natural gas. For instance, in 1998, it is estimated that for every thousand cubic feet of natural gas consumed, about 2.7 thousand cubic feet passed through natural gas marketers. For more information on natural gas and energy marketers, visit the National Energy Marketers Association here.
* Local Distribution Companies - There are about 1,200 natural gas distribution companies in the U.S., with ownership of over 1.2 million miles of distribution pipe. While many of these companies maintain monopoly status over their distribution region, many states are currently in the process of offering consumer choice options with respect to their natural gas distribution. To learn about the status of distribution restructuring across the United States visit the EIA here. To learn more about natural gas distribution companies and their regulatory structure, visit the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners here. The American Gas Association is also an excellent source for information on LDCs.
Natural Gas Market Overview
The nature of the natural gas market is similar to other competitive commodity markets: prices reflect the ability of supply to meet demand at any one time. The economics of producing natural gas are relatively straightforward. Like any other commodity, the price of natural gas is largely a function of demand and the supply of the product.
Natural Gas Volatility and Price Levels at Henry Hub
Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas;
based on Natural Gas Monthly publications
When demand for gas is rising, and prices rise accordingly, producers will respond by increasing their exploration and production capabilities. As a consequence, production will over time tend to increase to match the stronger demand. However, unlike many products, where production can be increased and sustained in a matter of hours or days, increases in natural gas production involve much longer lead times. It takes time to acquire leases, secure required government permits, do exploratory seismic work, drill wells and connect wells to pipelines; this can take as little as 6 months, and in some cases up to ten years. There is also uncertainty about the geologic productivity of existing wells and planned new wells. Existing wells will naturally decline at some point of their productive life and the production profile over time is not known with certainty. Thus, it takes time to adjust supplies in the face of increasing demand and rising prices. To learn more about factors that affect the supply of natural gas, click here.
The supply response to prices was demonstrated emphatically following the winter of 2000-2001 as producers substantially increased production investments and activities in response to higher prices. Likewise higher prices (and the U.S. recession) also reduced demand for natural gas. The supply and demand responses led to a new equilibrium in 2002 between supply and demand at market clearing prices far below the 2000-2001 peak.
Source: NGSA
In an environment of falling gas prices, the converse will be true. Producers will respond to lower natural gas prices over time by reducing their expenditures for new exploration and production. Production decline in existing wells will decrease productive capacity. At the same time, the lower prices will increase the demand for natural gas. This, in turn, will ultimately result in upward pressure on gas prices. This relationship between changes in the price of natural gas and variations in the supply of and demand for natural gas is sometimes referred to as the "natural gas market cycle."
In the short term, and in relation to existing producing wells, the supply of natural gas is relatively inelastic in response to changes in the price of natural gas. Contrary to some views, producers do not routinely shut in wells when natural gas prices are low. There are several economic drivers that provide an incentive for producers to continue producing even in the face of lower prices.
* First, if production is halted from a natural gas well it may not be possible to restore the well's production due to reservoir and wellbore characteristics.
* Second, the net present value of recapturing production in the future may be negative relative to producing the gas today -- i.e., it may be better to produce gas today than to wait until the future to produce the gas. If a producer chooses not to operate a well, the lost production cannot be recovered the next month but is instead is deferred potentially years in the future. There are no guarantees that the prices for gas in the future are going to be higher than prices today.
* Third, some gas is produced in association with oil, and in order to stop the flow of natural gas, the oil production must be stopped as well, which may not be economic.
* Finally, a producer may be financially or contractually bound to produce specific volumes of natural gas.
Producers and consumers react rationally to changes in prices. Fluctuations in gas prices and production levels are a normal response of the competitive and liquid North America gas market. While the price of the natural gas commodity fluctuates, it is this inherent volatility that provides the signals (and incentives) to both suppliers and consumers to ensure a constant move towards supply and demand equality.
Because the natural gas market is so heavily dependent on the interaction of supply and demand, it is important to have knowledge of the factors that affect these two components. To learn more about the supply and demand of natural gas in the United States, click on the links below:
* Natural Gas Demand
* Natural Gas Supply
To learn more about natural gas as a commodity, click here.
To learn more about the pricing of natural gas in competitive markets, visit the International Energy Agency here.
The natural gas industry is an extremely important segment of the U.S. economy. In addition to providing one of the cleanest burning fuels available to all segments of the economy, the industry itself provides much valuable commerce to the U.S. economy. Below is a brief description of the structure of the natural gas industry and market, as well as links to information on the make-up of the various segments of the natural gas industry, and recent statistics regarding the supply of natural gas. To learn about the processes associated with the natural gas supply chain, click here.
To jump ahead to specific topics in this section, click on the links below:
* Overview of Industry Structure - discusses how different market participants interact to bring supplies of natural gas to the market.
* Industry Makeup - discusses the composition of the industry.
* Natural Gas Market Overview - discusses the natural gas market, and the forces that affect the interaction of supply and demand for natural gas
* . Market Activity -provides a snapshot of recent wholesale market activity as reported by various indices and platforms.
Overview of Industry Structure
The structure of the natural gas industry has changed dramatically since the mid-1980's. In the past, the structure of the natural gas industry was simple, with limited flexibility and few options for natural gas delivery. Exploration and production companies explored and drilled for natural gas, selling their product at the wellhead to large transportation pipelines. These pipelines transported the natural gas, selling it to local distribution utilities, who in turn distributed and sold that gas to its customers. The prices for which producers could sell natural gas to transportation pipelines was federally regulated, as was the price at which pipelines could sell to local distribution companies. State regulation monitored the price at which local distribution companies could sell natural gas to their customers.
Getting Natural Gas to Market - Prior to Deregulation and Pipeline Unbundling
Source: NGSA
Thus, the structure of the natural gas industry prior to deregulation and pipeline unbundling was very straightforward. However, with regulation of wellhead prices, as well as assured monopolies for large transportation pipelines and distribution companies, there was little competition in the marketplace, and incentives to improve service and innovate were few. Regulation of the industry also led to natural gas shortages in the 1970s, and surpluses in the 1980s. To review the history of natural gas regulation, click here.
The natural gas industry today has changed dramatically, and is much more open to competition and choice. Wellhead prices are no longer regulated; meaning the price of natural gas is dependent on supply and demand interactions. Interstate pipelines no longer take ownership of the natural gas commodity; instead they offer only the transportation component, which is still under federal regulation. LDCs continue to offer bundled products to their customers, although retail unbundling taking place in many states allows the use of their distribution network for the transportation component alone. End users may purchase natural gas directly from producers or LDCs.
One of the primary differences in the current structure of the market is the existence of natural gas marketers. Marketers serve to facilitate the movement of natural gas from the producer to the end user. Essentially, marketers can serve as a middle-man between any two parties, and can offer either bundled or unbundled service to its customers. Thus, in the structure mentioned above, marketers may be present between any two parties to facilitate the sale or purchase of natural gas, and can also contract for transportation and storage. Marketers may own the natural gas being transferred, or may simply facilitate its transportation and storage. Essentially, a myriad of different ownership pathways exist for natural gas to proceed from producer to end user.
Simplified Structure of Industry after Pipeline Unbundling
Source: NGSA
The diagram shows a simplified representation of the structure of the natural gas industry after pipeline unbundling and wellhead price deregulation. It is important to note that the actual ownership pathway of the gas may be significantly more complicated, as the marketer or the LDC are not the final users. Either of these two entities may sell directly to the end user, or to other marketers or LDCs.
The regulatory environment of the day has a dramatic effect on shaping the structure of the industry. To learn more about the current regulatory environment for the natural gas industry, click here.
The actions of the federal government and its related agencies and departments can also have a significant impact on the structure and functioning of the natural gas industry. To learn more about how government actions can affect the natural gas industry, click here.
Source: NGSA
Industry Makeup
Now that the basic structure of the natural gas industry has been discussed, it is possible to examine the business characteristics and relevant statistics of each industry segment.
An excellent source for statistics and information on the natural gas industry and its various sectors is the Energy Information Administration (EIA). The EIA was created in 1977 as the statistical arm of the Department of Energy, charged with developing energy data and analyses that help to enhance the understanding of the energy industry. Click here to view the EIA's homepage. For a good overview of relevant updated statistics related to the natural gas industry, view the EIA's summary statistics on natural gas here.
Below are some statistics (based on EIA data for the year 2007) on the makeup of the natural gas industry. Follow the links to view the most up to date information on each sector:
* Producers - There are over 6,300 producers of natural gas in the United States. These companies range from large integrated producers with worldwide operations and interests in all segments of the oil and gas industry, to small one or two person operations that may only have partial interest in a single well. The largest integrated production companies are termed 'Majors', of which there are 21 active in the United States. For more information on the production of natural gas in the United States, click here. Information on the production of natural gas is also available on EIA's website here.
* Processing - There are over 530 natural gas processing plants in the United States, which were responsible for processing almost 15 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and extracting over 630 million barrels of natural gas liquids in 2006. For more information on natural gas processing, visit the Gas Processors Association here. For updated statistics on the processing of natural gas in the United States, click here.
* Pipelines - There are about 160 pipeline companies in the United States, operating over 300,000 miles of pipe. Of this, 180,000 miles consist of interstate pipelines. This pipeline capacity is capable of transporting over 148 Billion cubic feet (Bcf) of gas per day from producing regions to consuming regions. For more information on the natural gas pipeline infrastructure in the United States, click here. To see a list of major pipeline companies, including links to their websites, visit the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's website here.
* Storage - There are about 123 natural gas storage operators in the United States, which control approximately 400 underground storage facilities. These facilities have a storage capacity of 4,059 Bcf of natural gas, and an average daily deliverability of 85 Bcf per day. The EIA maintains a weekly storage survey, monitoring the injection and withdrawal of stored natural gas. This survey gives a good indication of the status of the natural gas market, measuring the natural gas that is extracted or stored at any one time in response to the demand for natural gas. To learn more about this survey, visit the EIA here. To view more statistics and information related to natural gas storage in the United States, click here.
* Marketing - The status of the natural gas marketing segment of the industry is constantly changing, as companies enter and exit from the industry quite frequently. As of 2000, there were over 260 companies involved in the marketing of natural gas. In this same year, about 80 percent of all the natural gas supplied and consumed in North America passed through the hands of natural gas marketers. The volume of non-physical natural gas that passes through the hands of marketers is very large, and can be much greater than the actual physical volume consumed. This is an indication of vibrant, transparent commodity markets for natural gas. For instance, in 1998, it is estimated that for every thousand cubic feet of natural gas consumed, about 2.7 thousand cubic feet passed through natural gas marketers. For more information on natural gas and energy marketers, visit the National Energy Marketers Association here.
* Local Distribution Companies - There are about 1,200 natural gas distribution companies in the U.S., with ownership of over 1.2 million miles of distribution pipe. While many of these companies maintain monopoly status over their distribution region, many states are currently in the process of offering consumer choice options with respect to their natural gas distribution. To learn about the status of distribution restructuring across the United States visit the EIA here. To learn more about natural gas distribution companies and their regulatory structure, visit the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners here. The American Gas Association is also an excellent source for information on LDCs.
Natural Gas Market Overview
The nature of the natural gas market is similar to other competitive commodity markets: prices reflect the ability of supply to meet demand at any one time. The economics of producing natural gas are relatively straightforward. Like any other commodity, the price of natural gas is largely a function of demand and the supply of the product.
Natural Gas Volatility and Price Levels at Henry Hub
Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas;
based on Natural Gas Monthly publications
When demand for gas is rising, and prices rise accordingly, producers will respond by increasing their exploration and production capabilities. As a consequence, production will over time tend to increase to match the stronger demand. However, unlike many products, where production can be increased and sustained in a matter of hours or days, increases in natural gas production involve much longer lead times. It takes time to acquire leases, secure required government permits, do exploratory seismic work, drill wells and connect wells to pipelines; this can take as little as 6 months, and in some cases up to ten years. There is also uncertainty about the geologic productivity of existing wells and planned new wells. Existing wells will naturally decline at some point of their productive life and the production profile over time is not known with certainty. Thus, it takes time to adjust supplies in the face of increasing demand and rising prices. To learn more about factors that affect the supply of natural gas, click here.
The supply response to prices was demonstrated emphatically following the winter of 2000-2001 as producers substantially increased production investments and activities in response to higher prices. Likewise higher prices (and the U.S. recession) also reduced demand for natural gas. The supply and demand responses led to a new equilibrium in 2002 between supply and demand at market clearing prices far below the 2000-2001 peak.
Source: NGSA
In an environment of falling gas prices, the converse will be true. Producers will respond to lower natural gas prices over time by reducing their expenditures for new exploration and production. Production decline in existing wells will decrease productive capacity. At the same time, the lower prices will increase the demand for natural gas. This, in turn, will ultimately result in upward pressure on gas prices. This relationship between changes in the price of natural gas and variations in the supply of and demand for natural gas is sometimes referred to as the "natural gas market cycle."
In the short term, and in relation to existing producing wells, the supply of natural gas is relatively inelastic in response to changes in the price of natural gas. Contrary to some views, producers do not routinely shut in wells when natural gas prices are low. There are several economic drivers that provide an incentive for producers to continue producing even in the face of lower prices.
* First, if production is halted from a natural gas well it may not be possible to restore the well's production due to reservoir and wellbore characteristics.
* Second, the net present value of recapturing production in the future may be negative relative to producing the gas today -- i.e., it may be better to produce gas today than to wait until the future to produce the gas. If a producer chooses not to operate a well, the lost production cannot be recovered the next month but is instead is deferred potentially years in the future. There are no guarantees that the prices for gas in the future are going to be higher than prices today.
* Third, some gas is produced in association with oil, and in order to stop the flow of natural gas, the oil production must be stopped as well, which may not be economic.
* Finally, a producer may be financially or contractually bound to produce specific volumes of natural gas.
Producers and consumers react rationally to changes in prices. Fluctuations in gas prices and production levels are a normal response of the competitive and liquid North America gas market. While the price of the natural gas commodity fluctuates, it is this inherent volatility that provides the signals (and incentives) to both suppliers and consumers to ensure a constant move towards supply and demand equality.
Because the natural gas market is so heavily dependent on the interaction of supply and demand, it is important to have knowledge of the factors that affect these two components. To learn more about the supply and demand of natural gas in the United States, click on the links below:
* Natural Gas Demand
* Natural Gas Supply
To learn more about natural gas as a commodity, click here.
To learn more about the pricing of natural gas in competitive markets, visit the International Energy Agency here.
Natural Gas and Technology
Source: ChevronTexaco Corporation
Over the past thirty years, the oil and natural gas industry has transformed into one of the most technologically advanced industries in the United States. New innovations have reshaped the industry into a technology leader, in all segments of the industry. This section will discuss the role of technology in the evolution of the natural gas industry, focusing on technologies in the exploration and production sector, as well as a few select innovations that have had a profound effect on the potential for natural gas. Scroll down, or click on the links below to jump ahead:
* Advances in the Exploration and Production Sector
* Liquefied Natural Gas
* Natural Gas Fuel Cells
* Natural Gas Technology Resources
In recent years, demand for natural gas has grown substantially. However, as the natural gas industry in the United States becomes more mature, domestically available resources become harder to find and produce. As large, conventional natural gas deposits are extracted, the natural gas left in the ground is commonly found in less conventional deposits, which are harder to discover and produce than has historically been the case. However, the natural gas industry has been able to keep pace with demand, and produce greater amounts of natural gas despite the increasingly unconventional and elusive nature. The ability of the industry to increase production in this manner has been a direct result of technological innovations. Below is a brief list of some of the major technological advancements that have been made recently:
Advances in the Exploration and Production Sector
Technological innovation in the exploration and production sector has equipped the industry with the equipment and practices necessary to continually increase the production of natural gas to meet rising demand. These technologies serve to make the exploration and production of natural gas more efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly. Despite the fact that natural gas deposits are continually being found deeper in the ground, in remote, inhospitable areas that provide a challenging environment in which to produce natural gas, the exploration and production industry has not only kept up its production pace, but in fact has improved the general nature of its operations. Some highlights of technological development in the exploration and production sector include:
* 22,000 fewer wells are needed on an annual basis to develop the same amount of oil and gas reserves as were developed in 1985.
* Had technology remained constant since 1985, it would take two wells to produce the same amount of oil and natural gas as one 1985 well. However, advances in technology mean that one well today can produce two times as much as a single 1985 well.
* Drilling wastes have decreased by as much as 148 million barrels due to increased well productivity and fewer wells.
* The drilling footprint of well pads has decreased by as much as 70 percent due to advanced drilling technology, which is extremely useful for drilling in sensitive areas.
* By using modular drilling rigs and slimhole drilling, the size and weight of drilling rigs can be reduced by up to 75 percent over traditional drilling rigs, reducing their surface impact.
* Had technology, and thus drilling footprints, remained at 1985 levels, today's drilling footprints would take up an additional 17,000 acres of land.
* New exploration techniques and vibrational sources mean less reliance on explosives, reducing the impact of exploration on the environment.
Some of the major recent technological innovations in the exploration and production sector include:
*
Advanced 3-D Seismic Imaging
Source: NGSA
3-D and 4-D Seismic Imaging - The development of seismic imaging in three dimensions greatly changed the nature of natural gas exploration. This technology uses traditional seismic imaging techniques, combined with powerful computers and processors, to create a three-dimensional model of the subsurface layers. 4-D seismology expands on this, by adding time as a dimension, allowing exploration teams to observe how subsurface characteristics change over time. Exploration teams can now identify natural gas prospects more easily, place wells more effectively, reduce the number of dry holes drilled, reduce drilling costs, and cut exploration time. This leads to both economic and environmental benefits.
* CO2-Sand Fracturing - Fracturing techniques have been used since the 1970s to help increase the flow rate of natural gas and oil from underground formations. CO2-Sand fracturing involves using a mixture of sand propants and liquid CO2 to fracture formations, creating and enlarging cracks through which oil and natural gas may flow more freely. The CO2 then vaporizes, leaving only sand in the formation, holding the newly enlarged cracks open. Because there are no other substances used in this type of fracturing, there are no 'leftovers' from the fracturing process that must be removed. This means that, while this type of fracturing effectively opens the formation and allows for increased recovery of oil and natural gas, it does not damage the deposit, generates no below ground wastes, and protects groundwater resources.
* Coiled Tubing - Coiled tubing technologies replace the traditional rigid, jointed drill pipe with a long, flexible coiled pipe string. This greatly reduces the cost of drilling, as well as providing a smaller drilling footprint, requiring less drilling mud, faster rig set up, and reducing the time normally needed to make drill pipe connections. Coiled tubing can also be used in combination with slimhole drilling to provide very economic drilling conditions, and less impact on the environment.
* Measurement While Drilling - Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) systems allow for the collection of data from the bottom of a well as it is being drilled. This allows engineers and drilling teams access to up to the second information on the exact nature of the rock formations being encountered by the drill bit. This improves drilling efficiency and accuracy in the drilling process, allows better formation evaluation as the drill bit encounters the underground formation, and reduces the chance of formation damage and blowouts.
* Slimhole Drilling - Slimhole drilling is exactly as it sounds; drilling a slimmer hole in the ground to get to natural gas and oil deposits. In order to be considered slimhole drilling, at least 90 percent of a well must be drilled with a drill bit less than six inches in diameter (whereas conventional wells typically use drill bits as large as 12.25 inches in diameter). Slimhole drilling can significantly improve the efficiency of drilling operations, as well as decrease its environmental impact. In fact, shorter drilling times and smaller drilling crews can translate into a 50 percent reduction in drilling costs, while reducing the drilling footprint by as much as 75 percent. Because of its low cost profile and reduced environmental impact, slimhole drilling provides a method of economically drilling exploratory wells in new areas, drilling deeper wells in existing fields, and providing an efficient means for extracting more natural gas and oil from undepleted fields.
*
Offshore Production - NASA of the Sea
Source: Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
Offshore Drilling Technology - The offshore oil and gas production sector is sometimes referred to as 'NASA of the Sea', due to the monumental achievements in deepwater drilling that have been facilitated by state of the art technology. Natural gas and oil deposits are being found at locations that are deeper and deeper underwater. Whereas offshore drilling operations used to be some of the most risky and dangerous undertakings, new technology, including improved offshore drilling rigs, dynamic positioning devices and sophisticated navigation systems are allowing safe, efficient offshore drilling in waters more than 10,000 feet deep. To learn more about offshore drilling, click here.
The above technological advancements provide only a snapshot of the increasingly sophisticated technology being developed and put into practice in the exploration and production of natural gas and oil. New technologies and applications are being developed constantly, and serve to improve the economics of producing natural gas, allow for the production of deposits formerly considered too unconventional or uneconomic to develop, and ensure that the supply of natural gas keeps up with steadily increasing demand. Sufficient domestic natural gas resources exist to help fuel the U.S. for a significant period of time, and technology is playing a huge role in providing low-cost, environmentally sound methods of extracting these resources.
Two other technologies that are revolutionizing the natural gas industry include the increased use of liquefied natural gas, and natural gas fuel cells. These technologies are discussed below.
Liquefied Natural Gas
Cooling natural gas to about -260°F at normal pressure results in the condensation of the gas into liquid form, known as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). LNG can be very useful, particularly for the transportation of natural gas, since LNG takes up about one six hundredth the volume of gaseous natural gas. While LNG is reasonably costly to produce, advances in technology are reducing the costs associated with the liquification and regasification of LNG. Because it is easy to transport, LNG can serve to make economical those stranded natural gas deposits for which the construction of pipelines is uneconomical.
LNG Delivery Facility with Tanker
Source: NGSA
LNG, when vaporized to gaseous form, will only burn in concentrations of between 5 and 15 percent mixed with air. In addition, LNG, or any vapor associated with LNG, will not explode in an unconfined environment. Thus, in the unlikely event of an LNG spill, the natural gas has little chance of igniting an explosion. Liquification also has the advantage of removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and water from the natural gas, resulting in LNG that is almost pure methane.
LNG is typically transported by specialized tanker with insulated walls, and is kept in liquid form by autorefrigeration, a process in which the LNG is kept at its boiling point, so that any heat additions are countered by the energy lost from LNG vapor that is vented out of storage and used to power the vessel.
The increased use of LNG is allowing for the production and marketing of natural gas deposits that were previously economically unrecoverable. Although it currently accounts for only about 1 percent of natural gas used in the United States, it is expected that LNG imports will provide a steady, dependable source of natural gas for U.S. consumption. To learn more about how LNG factors into the supply of natural gas in the United States, click here.
Natural Gas Fuel Cells
Fuel cells powered by natural gas are an extremely exciting and promising new technology for the clean and efficient generation of electricity. Fuel cells have the ability to generate electricity using electrochemical reactions as opposed to combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Essentially, a fuel cell works by passing streams of fuel (usually hydrogen) and oxidants over electrodes that are separated by an electrolyte. This produces a chemical reaction that generates electricity without requiring the combustion of fuel, or the addition of heat as is common in the traditional generation of electricity. When pure hydrogen is used as fuel, and pure oxygen is used as the oxidant, the reaction that takes place within a fuel cell produces only water, heat, and electricity. In practice, fuel cells result in very low emission of harmful pollutants, and the generation of high-quality, reliable electricity. The use of natural gas powered fuel cells has a number of benefits, including:
*
How a Fuel Cell Works
Source: DOE - Office of Fossil Energy
Clean Electricity - Fuel cells provide the cleanest method of producing electricity from fossil fuels. While a pure hydrogen, pure oxygen fuel cell produces only water, electricity, and heat, fuel cells in practice emit only trace amounts of sulfur compounds, and very low levels of carbon dioxide. However, the carbon dioxide produced by fuel cell use is concentrated and can be readily recaptured, as opposed to being emitted into the atmosphere.
* Distributed Generation - Fuel cells can come in extremely compact sizes, allowing for their placement wherever electricity is needed. This includes residential, commercial, industrial, and even transportation settings.
* Dependability - Fuel cells are completely enclosed units, with no moving parts or complicated machinery. This translates into a dependable source of electricity, capable of operating for thousands of hours. In addition, they are very quiet and safe sources of electricity. Fuel cells also do not have electricity surges, meaning they can be used where a constant, dependably source of electricity is needed.
* Efficiency - Fuel cells convert the energy stored within fossil fuels into electricity much more efficiently than traditional generation of electricity using combustion. This means that less fuel is required to produce the same amount of electricity. The National Energy Technology Laboratory estimates that, used in combination with natural gas turbines, fuel cell generation facilities can be produced that will operate in the 1 to 20 Megawatt range at 70 percent efficiency, which is much higher than the efficiencies that can be reached by traditional generation methods within that output range.
The generation of electricity has traditionally been a very polluting, inefficient process. However, with new fuel cell technology, the future of electricity generation is expected to change dramatically in the next ten to twenty years. Research and development into fuel cell technology is ongoing, to ensure that the technology is refined to a level where it is cost effective for all varieties of electric generation requirements.
To learn more about fuel cell development, visit the Fuel Cells 2000 website here.
Natural Gas Technology Resources
The natural gas industry is joined by government agencies and laboratories, private research and development firms, and environmental technology groups in coming up with new technologies that may improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental soundness of the natural gas industry. Below are links to a number of resources that provide information on new technological developments in the oil and natural gas industry:
*
Source: ChevronTexaco Corporation
Over the past thirty years, the oil and natural gas industry has transformed into one of the most technologically advanced industries in the United States. New innovations have reshaped the industry into a technology leader, in all segments of the industry. This section will discuss the role of technology in the evolution of the natural gas industry, focusing on technologies in the exploration and production sector, as well as a few select innovations that have had a profound effect on the potential for natural gas. Scroll down, or click on the links below to jump ahead:
* Advances in the Exploration and Production Sector
* Liquefied Natural Gas
* Natural Gas Fuel Cells
* Natural Gas Technology Resources
In recent years, demand for natural gas has grown substantially. However, as the natural gas industry in the United States becomes more mature, domestically available resources become harder to find and produce. As large, conventional natural gas deposits are extracted, the natural gas left in the ground is commonly found in less conventional deposits, which are harder to discover and produce than has historically been the case. However, the natural gas industry has been able to keep pace with demand, and produce greater amounts of natural gas despite the increasingly unconventional and elusive nature. The ability of the industry to increase production in this manner has been a direct result of technological innovations. Below is a brief list of some of the major technological advancements that have been made recently:
Advances in the Exploration and Production Sector
Technological innovation in the exploration and production sector has equipped the industry with the equipment and practices necessary to continually increase the production of natural gas to meet rising demand. These technologies serve to make the exploration and production of natural gas more efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly. Despite the fact that natural gas deposits are continually being found deeper in the ground, in remote, inhospitable areas that provide a challenging environment in which to produce natural gas, the exploration and production industry has not only kept up its production pace, but in fact has improved the general nature of its operations. Some highlights of technological development in the exploration and production sector include:
* 22,000 fewer wells are needed on an annual basis to develop the same amount of oil and gas reserves as were developed in 1985.
* Had technology remained constant since 1985, it would take two wells to produce the same amount of oil and natural gas as one 1985 well. However, advances in technology mean that one well today can produce two times as much as a single 1985 well.
* Drilling wastes have decreased by as much as 148 million barrels due to increased well productivity and fewer wells.
* The drilling footprint of well pads has decreased by as much as 70 percent due to advanced drilling technology, which is extremely useful for drilling in sensitive areas.
* By using modular drilling rigs and slimhole drilling, the size and weight of drilling rigs can be reduced by up to 75 percent over traditional drilling rigs, reducing their surface impact.
* Had technology, and thus drilling footprints, remained at 1985 levels, today's drilling footprints would take up an additional 17,000 acres of land.
* New exploration techniques and vibrational sources mean less reliance on explosives, reducing the impact of exploration on the environment.
Some of the major recent technological innovations in the exploration and production sector include:
*
Advanced 3-D Seismic Imaging
Source: NGSA
3-D and 4-D Seismic Imaging - The development of seismic imaging in three dimensions greatly changed the nature of natural gas exploration. This technology uses traditional seismic imaging techniques, combined with powerful computers and processors, to create a three-dimensional model of the subsurface layers. 4-D seismology expands on this, by adding time as a dimension, allowing exploration teams to observe how subsurface characteristics change over time. Exploration teams can now identify natural gas prospects more easily, place wells more effectively, reduce the number of dry holes drilled, reduce drilling costs, and cut exploration time. This leads to both economic and environmental benefits.
* CO2-Sand Fracturing - Fracturing techniques have been used since the 1970s to help increase the flow rate of natural gas and oil from underground formations. CO2-Sand fracturing involves using a mixture of sand propants and liquid CO2 to fracture formations, creating and enlarging cracks through which oil and natural gas may flow more freely. The CO2 then vaporizes, leaving only sand in the formation, holding the newly enlarged cracks open. Because there are no other substances used in this type of fracturing, there are no 'leftovers' from the fracturing process that must be removed. This means that, while this type of fracturing effectively opens the formation and allows for increased recovery of oil and natural gas, it does not damage the deposit, generates no below ground wastes, and protects groundwater resources.
* Coiled Tubing - Coiled tubing technologies replace the traditional rigid, jointed drill pipe with a long, flexible coiled pipe string. This greatly reduces the cost of drilling, as well as providing a smaller drilling footprint, requiring less drilling mud, faster rig set up, and reducing the time normally needed to make drill pipe connections. Coiled tubing can also be used in combination with slimhole drilling to provide very economic drilling conditions, and less impact on the environment.
* Measurement While Drilling - Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) systems allow for the collection of data from the bottom of a well as it is being drilled. This allows engineers and drilling teams access to up to the second information on the exact nature of the rock formations being encountered by the drill bit. This improves drilling efficiency and accuracy in the drilling process, allows better formation evaluation as the drill bit encounters the underground formation, and reduces the chance of formation damage and blowouts.
* Slimhole Drilling - Slimhole drilling is exactly as it sounds; drilling a slimmer hole in the ground to get to natural gas and oil deposits. In order to be considered slimhole drilling, at least 90 percent of a well must be drilled with a drill bit less than six inches in diameter (whereas conventional wells typically use drill bits as large as 12.25 inches in diameter). Slimhole drilling can significantly improve the efficiency of drilling operations, as well as decrease its environmental impact. In fact, shorter drilling times and smaller drilling crews can translate into a 50 percent reduction in drilling costs, while reducing the drilling footprint by as much as 75 percent. Because of its low cost profile and reduced environmental impact, slimhole drilling provides a method of economically drilling exploratory wells in new areas, drilling deeper wells in existing fields, and providing an efficient means for extracting more natural gas and oil from undepleted fields.
*
Offshore Production - NASA of the Sea
Source: Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
Offshore Drilling Technology - The offshore oil and gas production sector is sometimes referred to as 'NASA of the Sea', due to the monumental achievements in deepwater drilling that have been facilitated by state of the art technology. Natural gas and oil deposits are being found at locations that are deeper and deeper underwater. Whereas offshore drilling operations used to be some of the most risky and dangerous undertakings, new technology, including improved offshore drilling rigs, dynamic positioning devices and sophisticated navigation systems are allowing safe, efficient offshore drilling in waters more than 10,000 feet deep. To learn more about offshore drilling, click here.
The above technological advancements provide only a snapshot of the increasingly sophisticated technology being developed and put into practice in the exploration and production of natural gas and oil. New technologies and applications are being developed constantly, and serve to improve the economics of producing natural gas, allow for the production of deposits formerly considered too unconventional or uneconomic to develop, and ensure that the supply of natural gas keeps up with steadily increasing demand. Sufficient domestic natural gas resources exist to help fuel the U.S. for a significant period of time, and technology is playing a huge role in providing low-cost, environmentally sound methods of extracting these resources.
Two other technologies that are revolutionizing the natural gas industry include the increased use of liquefied natural gas, and natural gas fuel cells. These technologies are discussed below.
Liquefied Natural Gas
Cooling natural gas to about -260°F at normal pressure results in the condensation of the gas into liquid form, known as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). LNG can be very useful, particularly for the transportation of natural gas, since LNG takes up about one six hundredth the volume of gaseous natural gas. While LNG is reasonably costly to produce, advances in technology are reducing the costs associated with the liquification and regasification of LNG. Because it is easy to transport, LNG can serve to make economical those stranded natural gas deposits for which the construction of pipelines is uneconomical.
LNG Delivery Facility with Tanker
Source: NGSA
LNG, when vaporized to gaseous form, will only burn in concentrations of between 5 and 15 percent mixed with air. In addition, LNG, or any vapor associated with LNG, will not explode in an unconfined environment. Thus, in the unlikely event of an LNG spill, the natural gas has little chance of igniting an explosion. Liquification also has the advantage of removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and water from the natural gas, resulting in LNG that is almost pure methane.
LNG is typically transported by specialized tanker with insulated walls, and is kept in liquid form by autorefrigeration, a process in which the LNG is kept at its boiling point, so that any heat additions are countered by the energy lost from LNG vapor that is vented out of storage and used to power the vessel.
The increased use of LNG is allowing for the production and marketing of natural gas deposits that were previously economically unrecoverable. Although it currently accounts for only about 1 percent of natural gas used in the United States, it is expected that LNG imports will provide a steady, dependable source of natural gas for U.S. consumption. To learn more about how LNG factors into the supply of natural gas in the United States, click here.
Natural Gas Fuel Cells
Fuel cells powered by natural gas are an extremely exciting and promising new technology for the clean and efficient generation of electricity. Fuel cells have the ability to generate electricity using electrochemical reactions as opposed to combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Essentially, a fuel cell works by passing streams of fuel (usually hydrogen) and oxidants over electrodes that are separated by an electrolyte. This produces a chemical reaction that generates electricity without requiring the combustion of fuel, or the addition of heat as is common in the traditional generation of electricity. When pure hydrogen is used as fuel, and pure oxygen is used as the oxidant, the reaction that takes place within a fuel cell produces only water, heat, and electricity. In practice, fuel cells result in very low emission of harmful pollutants, and the generation of high-quality, reliable electricity. The use of natural gas powered fuel cells has a number of benefits, including:
*
How a Fuel Cell Works
Source: DOE - Office of Fossil Energy
Clean Electricity - Fuel cells provide the cleanest method of producing electricity from fossil fuels. While a pure hydrogen, pure oxygen fuel cell produces only water, electricity, and heat, fuel cells in practice emit only trace amounts of sulfur compounds, and very low levels of carbon dioxide. However, the carbon dioxide produced by fuel cell use is concentrated and can be readily recaptured, as opposed to being emitted into the atmosphere.
* Distributed Generation - Fuel cells can come in extremely compact sizes, allowing for their placement wherever electricity is needed. This includes residential, commercial, industrial, and even transportation settings.
* Dependability - Fuel cells are completely enclosed units, with no moving parts or complicated machinery. This translates into a dependable source of electricity, capable of operating for thousands of hours. In addition, they are very quiet and safe sources of electricity. Fuel cells also do not have electricity surges, meaning they can be used where a constant, dependably source of electricity is needed.
* Efficiency - Fuel cells convert the energy stored within fossil fuels into electricity much more efficiently than traditional generation of electricity using combustion. This means that less fuel is required to produce the same amount of electricity. The National Energy Technology Laboratory estimates that, used in combination with natural gas turbines, fuel cell generation facilities can be produced that will operate in the 1 to 20 Megawatt range at 70 percent efficiency, which is much higher than the efficiencies that can be reached by traditional generation methods within that output range.
The generation of electricity has traditionally been a very polluting, inefficient process. However, with new fuel cell technology, the future of electricity generation is expected to change dramatically in the next ten to twenty years. Research and development into fuel cell technology is ongoing, to ensure that the technology is refined to a level where it is cost effective for all varieties of electric generation requirements.
To learn more about fuel cell development, visit the Fuel Cells 2000 website here.
Natural Gas Technology Resources
The natural gas industry is joined by government agencies and laboratories, private research and development firms, and environmental technology groups in coming up with new technologies that may improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental soundness of the natural gas industry. Below are links to a number of resources that provide information on new technological developments in the oil and natural gas industry:
*
Subsidi Energi
Bisa Tembus di Atas Rp200 Triliun
Jakarta, CyberNews. Panitia Anggaran (Panggar) DPR mengungkapkan, subsidi energi yang terdiri dari BBM dan listrik pada 2008 bisa menembus di atas Rp200 triliun.
Anggota Panggar Tjatur Sapto Edy di Jakarta, Rabu, mengemukakan dengan harga minyak Indonesia (Indonesia Crude Price/ICP) rata-rata selama tahun 2008 sebesar 95 dolar AS per barel, maka subsidi BBM mencapai Rp130 triliun dan listrik Rp80 triliun.
"Nilai subsidi sebesar itu bukan tidak mungkin tercapai, sebab harga kontrak minyak dunia sampai Agustus 2008 sudah di atas 90 dolar AS per barel," katanya.
Sebelumnya, Menteri ESDM Purnomo Yusgiantoro juga menjelaskan dengan harga minyak dunia yang bertahan di level 100 dolar AS per barel saat ini, harga ICP sudah di atas 90 dolar AS per barel.
Purnomo menambahkan, meski subsidi melonjak, pemerintah tidak akan mengambil opsi kenaikan harga BBM, mengingat dampak sosial dan politiknya begitu besar. Pemerintah juga tidak akan menaikkan harga BBM dengan besaran kecil dan hanya satu jenis, karena dampaknya sama saja.
Menurut Purnomo, pemerintah hanya akan melakukan langkah penghematan subsidi melalui penurunan volumenya. Tjatur juga menambahkan, angka subsidi yang begitu besar harus diimbangi dengan kenaikan produksi minyak secara signifikan. "Kalau produksi minyak tidak dinaikkan, maka struktur anggaran di tahun 2008 ini bisa runtuh," katanya.
Karenanya, lanjut Tjatur, DPR tetap meminta produksi minyak sebesar 960.000 barel per hari tanpa memasukkan produksi PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI) yang ditukar dengan gas ConocoPhillips sebesar 50.000 barel per hari.
Berdasarkan perhitungan, negara hanya mendapat Rp578 miliar dari produksi CPI 50.000 barel per hari tersebut. Sebab, kalau disetarakan, produksi CPI 50.000 barel per hari itu sama dengan 2.500 barel per hari. Pendapatan tersebut hanya berasal dari penerimaan "domestic market obligation" (DMO).
Kalau produksinya benar-benar riil 50.000 barel per hari, maka negara mendapat tambahan pendapatan Rp7,5 triliun. Pemerintah sendiri tetap mengusulkan angka produksi 910.000 barel per hari. Sampai saat ini, pemerintah dan DPR masih membahas sejumlah asumsi RAPBN 2008 termasuk harga minyak, produksi minyak, dan besaran subsidi.
Jakarta, CyberNews. Panitia Anggaran (Panggar) DPR mengungkapkan, subsidi energi yang terdiri dari BBM dan listrik pada 2008 bisa menembus di atas Rp200 triliun.
Anggota Panggar Tjatur Sapto Edy di Jakarta, Rabu, mengemukakan dengan harga minyak Indonesia (Indonesia Crude Price/ICP) rata-rata selama tahun 2008 sebesar 95 dolar AS per barel, maka subsidi BBM mencapai Rp130 triliun dan listrik Rp80 triliun.
"Nilai subsidi sebesar itu bukan tidak mungkin tercapai, sebab harga kontrak minyak dunia sampai Agustus 2008 sudah di atas 90 dolar AS per barel," katanya.
Sebelumnya, Menteri ESDM Purnomo Yusgiantoro juga menjelaskan dengan harga minyak dunia yang bertahan di level 100 dolar AS per barel saat ini, harga ICP sudah di atas 90 dolar AS per barel.
Purnomo menambahkan, meski subsidi melonjak, pemerintah tidak akan mengambil opsi kenaikan harga BBM, mengingat dampak sosial dan politiknya begitu besar. Pemerintah juga tidak akan menaikkan harga BBM dengan besaran kecil dan hanya satu jenis, karena dampaknya sama saja.
Menurut Purnomo, pemerintah hanya akan melakukan langkah penghematan subsidi melalui penurunan volumenya. Tjatur juga menambahkan, angka subsidi yang begitu besar harus diimbangi dengan kenaikan produksi minyak secara signifikan. "Kalau produksi minyak tidak dinaikkan, maka struktur anggaran di tahun 2008 ini bisa runtuh," katanya.
Karenanya, lanjut Tjatur, DPR tetap meminta produksi minyak sebesar 960.000 barel per hari tanpa memasukkan produksi PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI) yang ditukar dengan gas ConocoPhillips sebesar 50.000 barel per hari.
Berdasarkan perhitungan, negara hanya mendapat Rp578 miliar dari produksi CPI 50.000 barel per hari tersebut. Sebab, kalau disetarakan, produksi CPI 50.000 barel per hari itu sama dengan 2.500 barel per hari. Pendapatan tersebut hanya berasal dari penerimaan "domestic market obligation" (DMO).
Kalau produksinya benar-benar riil 50.000 barel per hari, maka negara mendapat tambahan pendapatan Rp7,5 triliun. Pemerintah sendiri tetap mengusulkan angka produksi 910.000 barel per hari. Sampai saat ini, pemerintah dan DPR masih membahas sejumlah asumsi RAPBN 2008 termasuk harga minyak, produksi minyak, dan besaran subsidi.
Malang to petition over shrinking forests Wahyoe Boediwardhana , The Jakarta Post , Malang | Wed, 03/12/2008 11:56 AM | The Archipelago Resid
Malang to petition over shrinking forests
Wahyoe Boediwardhana , The Jakarta Post , Malang | Wed, 03/12/2008 11:56 AM | The Archipelago
Residents of Malang will petition President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono over the deterioration of public forests in the area, an environmental group says.
The petition will be prepared by members of the Greater Malang People's Environment Awareness Alliance (AMPLMR), Chalid Muhammad, executive director of the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi), said in Malang, East Java, on Sunday.
According to Walhi, the rate of forest destruction in the Greater Malang area is alarming, with only 2.8 percent of the entire forested area in Malang, originally encompassing around 110.6 square kilometers, still intact.
"According to Law No. 26/2007, a city must set aside at least 30 percent of its total area for open green areas, such as parks or forests," Chalid said.
He said the provincial administration was at fault for uncontrolled development of residential and industrial areas, the main factor in the severe rate of forest destruction. The same problem is occurring in other large cities in Indonesia, especially in Java, he said.
One area AMPLMR is seeking to retain as a conservation area is the land formerly used by the Agriculture Training Academy, spanning 28.5 hectares.
The land, which is included as one of Malang city's open or forested areas, was acquired in a land exchange deal in 1989, with plans the municipality and developers would jointly develop it into a residential area.
Under the plans, PT Bakrieland Development and PT Duta Perkasa Unggul Lestari will jointly build an upscale residential estate on the plot of land.
Walhi and AMPLMR say the proposed development is an environmental offense. AMPLMR coordinator Ahmad Murdjoko alleged environmental groups and students had frequently been intimidated during the 17-year struggle to protect the land as a forested area, city forest and environmental education park.
Chairman of the East Java Walhi council, Purnawan Negara, denied his organization was opposed to developers who intended to develop the area.
"We won't stop anyone from developing the area. Our only focus is on objecting to any changes in land allocation. As long as development is clear and in line with the law, we would even support it. If Bakrieland develops the area as an ecotourism area or environmental education center, we'll give our support," Purnawan said.
AMPLMR sent a petition against the shift in land allocation to officials in Jakarta.
The alliance, supported by 14 NGOs in the Greater Malang area, asked the National Commission on Human Rights to conduct an investigation into forest destruction by developers, on the grounds access to natural environment is a basic human right.
It also urged the Malang mayor to obey Ordinance No. 7/2001 on spatial planning, which AMPLMR deemed had been violated.
The petition asks the President to take strict action against officials who cause environmental destruction.
AMPLMR later asked Walhi chief Chalid to send the petition to 18 individuals deemed responsible for the issue. over shrinking forests
Residents of Malang will petition President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono over the deterioration of public forests in the area, an environmental group says.
The petition will be prepared by members of the Greater Malang People's Environment Awareness Alliance (AMPLMR), Chalid Muhammad, executive director of the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi), said in Malang, East Java, on Sunday.
According to Walhi, the rate of forest destruction in the Greater Malang area is alarming, with only 2.8 percent of the entire forested area in Malang, originally encompassing around 110.6 square kilometers, still intact.
"According to Law No. 26/2007, a city must set aside at least 30 percent of its total area for open green areas, such as parks or forests," Chalid said.
He said the provincial administration was at fault for uncontrolled development of residential and industrial areas, the main factor in the severe rate of forest destruction. The same problem is occurring in other large cities in Indonesia, especially in Java, he said.
One area AMPLMR is seeking to retain as a conservation area is the land formerly used by the Agriculture Training Academy, spanning 28.5 hectares.
The land, which is included as one of Malang city's open or forested areas, was acquired in a land exchange deal in 1989, with plans the municipality and developers would jointly develop it into a residential area.
Under the plans, PT Bakrieland Development and PT Duta Perkasa Unggul Lestari will jointly build an upscale residential estate on the plot of land.
Walhi and AMPLMR say the proposed development is an environmental offense. AMPLMR coordinator Ahmad Murdjoko alleged environmental groups and students had frequently been intimidated during the 17-year struggle to protect the land as a forested area, city forest and environmental education park.
Chairman of the East Java Walhi council, Purnawan Negara, denied his organization was opposed to developers who intended to develop the area.
"We won't stop anyone from developing the area. Our only focus is on objecting to any changes in land allocation. As long as development is clear and in line with the law, we would even support it. If Bakrieland develops the area as an ecotourism area or environmental education center, we'll give our support," Purnawan said.
AMPLMR sent a petition against the shift in land allocation to officials in Jakarta.
The alliance, supported by 14 NGOs in the Greater Malang area, asked the National Commission on Human Rights to conduct an investigation into forest destruction by developers, on the grounds access to natural environment is a basic human right.
It also urged the Malang mayor to obey Ordinance No. 7/2001 on spatial planning, which AMPLMR deemed had been violated.
The petition asks the President to take strict action against officials who cause environmental destruction.
AMPLMR later asked Walhi chief Chalid to send the petition to 18 individuals deemed responsible for the issue.
Wahyoe Boediwardhana , The Jakarta Post , Malang | Wed, 03/12/2008 11:56 AM | The Archipelago
Residents of Malang will petition President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono over the deterioration of public forests in the area, an environmental group says.
The petition will be prepared by members of the Greater Malang People's Environment Awareness Alliance (AMPLMR), Chalid Muhammad, executive director of the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi), said in Malang, East Java, on Sunday.
According to Walhi, the rate of forest destruction in the Greater Malang area is alarming, with only 2.8 percent of the entire forested area in Malang, originally encompassing around 110.6 square kilometers, still intact.
"According to Law No. 26/2007, a city must set aside at least 30 percent of its total area for open green areas, such as parks or forests," Chalid said.
He said the provincial administration was at fault for uncontrolled development of residential and industrial areas, the main factor in the severe rate of forest destruction. The same problem is occurring in other large cities in Indonesia, especially in Java, he said.
One area AMPLMR is seeking to retain as a conservation area is the land formerly used by the Agriculture Training Academy, spanning 28.5 hectares.
The land, which is included as one of Malang city's open or forested areas, was acquired in a land exchange deal in 1989, with plans the municipality and developers would jointly develop it into a residential area.
Under the plans, PT Bakrieland Development and PT Duta Perkasa Unggul Lestari will jointly build an upscale residential estate on the plot of land.
Walhi and AMPLMR say the proposed development is an environmental offense. AMPLMR coordinator Ahmad Murdjoko alleged environmental groups and students had frequently been intimidated during the 17-year struggle to protect the land as a forested area, city forest and environmental education park.
Chairman of the East Java Walhi council, Purnawan Negara, denied his organization was opposed to developers who intended to develop the area.
"We won't stop anyone from developing the area. Our only focus is on objecting to any changes in land allocation. As long as development is clear and in line with the law, we would even support it. If Bakrieland develops the area as an ecotourism area or environmental education center, we'll give our support," Purnawan said.
AMPLMR sent a petition against the shift in land allocation to officials in Jakarta.
The alliance, supported by 14 NGOs in the Greater Malang area, asked the National Commission on Human Rights to conduct an investigation into forest destruction by developers, on the grounds access to natural environment is a basic human right.
It also urged the Malang mayor to obey Ordinance No. 7/2001 on spatial planning, which AMPLMR deemed had been violated.
The petition asks the President to take strict action against officials who cause environmental destruction.
AMPLMR later asked Walhi chief Chalid to send the petition to 18 individuals deemed responsible for the issue. over shrinking forests
Residents of Malang will petition President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono over the deterioration of public forests in the area, an environmental group says.
The petition will be prepared by members of the Greater Malang People's Environment Awareness Alliance (AMPLMR), Chalid Muhammad, executive director of the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi), said in Malang, East Java, on Sunday.
According to Walhi, the rate of forest destruction in the Greater Malang area is alarming, with only 2.8 percent of the entire forested area in Malang, originally encompassing around 110.6 square kilometers, still intact.
"According to Law No. 26/2007, a city must set aside at least 30 percent of its total area for open green areas, such as parks or forests," Chalid said.
He said the provincial administration was at fault for uncontrolled development of residential and industrial areas, the main factor in the severe rate of forest destruction. The same problem is occurring in other large cities in Indonesia, especially in Java, he said.
One area AMPLMR is seeking to retain as a conservation area is the land formerly used by the Agriculture Training Academy, spanning 28.5 hectares.
The land, which is included as one of Malang city's open or forested areas, was acquired in a land exchange deal in 1989, with plans the municipality and developers would jointly develop it into a residential area.
Under the plans, PT Bakrieland Development and PT Duta Perkasa Unggul Lestari will jointly build an upscale residential estate on the plot of land.
Walhi and AMPLMR say the proposed development is an environmental offense. AMPLMR coordinator Ahmad Murdjoko alleged environmental groups and students had frequently been intimidated during the 17-year struggle to protect the land as a forested area, city forest and environmental education park.
Chairman of the East Java Walhi council, Purnawan Negara, denied his organization was opposed to developers who intended to develop the area.
"We won't stop anyone from developing the area. Our only focus is on objecting to any changes in land allocation. As long as development is clear and in line with the law, we would even support it. If Bakrieland develops the area as an ecotourism area or environmental education center, we'll give our support," Purnawan said.
AMPLMR sent a petition against the shift in land allocation to officials in Jakarta.
The alliance, supported by 14 NGOs in the Greater Malang area, asked the National Commission on Human Rights to conduct an investigation into forest destruction by developers, on the grounds access to natural environment is a basic human right.
It also urged the Malang mayor to obey Ordinance No. 7/2001 on spatial planning, which AMPLMR deemed had been violated.
The petition asks the President to take strict action against officials who cause environmental destruction.
AMPLMR later asked Walhi chief Chalid to send the petition to 18 individuals deemed responsible for the issue.
Kamis, 03 Januari 2008
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MISTERI GUNUNG BROMO »
Gunung Bromo
Gunung Bromo
Perjalanan ke Gunung Bromo dari Ranu Pani, dapat menjadi menarik dan penuh tantangan bagi seorang pendaki berpengalaman sekalipun. Terutama setelah selesai mendaki Gunung Semeru.Dari Kota Malang menuju Tumpang dengan angkutan umum, disambung dengan mobil JIP atau Truck Sayuran menuju desa Ranu Pani. Di Ranu Pani terdapat Pos pendakian dan dua buah danau (ranu) yang sangat indah, yakni Ranu Pani dan Ranu Regulo disebelah bawah. Disini terdapat beberapa warung dan penginapan yang sangat sederhana. Desa Ranu Pani masuk dalam wilayah kabupaten Lumajang, bisa juga ditempuh dari kota Lumajang.
Perjalanan sebaiknya dilakukan pagi-pagi, dengan berjalan kaki menuju Pos jalan pintas yang berada di ujung desa Ranu Pani menuju Gunung Bromo. Setelah menginap selama satu malam di Pos Jaga Pendakian, Tim Skrekanek (Ade dan Steve) yang telah menyelesaikan pendakian Gunung Semeru, bergegas memulai perjalanan ke Gunung Bromo.
Perjalanan dapat dilakukan dengan menyewa JIP dari desa Ranu Pani atau desa Jemplang sekitar Rp.200.000,- lama perjalanan 2 jam, namun Tim Skrekanek memilih berjalan kaki dengan jarak tempuh sekitar 4 Jam sejauh 12 Km.
Perjalanan sangat berbahaya bila dilakukan sore atau malam hari, karena jalanan tidak terlihat dan banyak sekali terdapat anjing liar yang dapat menyerang kita setiap saat, sebaiknya membawa tongkat.
Setelah sampai di batas akhir desa Ranu Pani terdapat Pos istirahat yang berada diatas bukit, tampak pemandangan yang sangat indah kebawah bukit, terlihat jalur yang menuju Gunung Bromo.
Perjalanan dilanjutkan dengan menuruni bukit yang sangat curam, kita perlu berhati-hati karena selain jalurnya sempit juga tertutup oleh semak-semak yang tinggi. Bukit ini sangat terjal dan memanjang mengelilingi kompleks gunung Bromo, dengan ketinggian antara 200-600 meter, dan bergaris tengah 8-10 km, membentuk kaldera. Terdapat beberapa gunung di dalam Kaldera antara lain; G.Bromo (2.392m) G. Batok (2.470m) G. G.Kursi (2,581m) G.Watangan (2.662m) G.Widodaren (2.650m).
Di gunung Widodaren terdapat sebuah gua dengan batu besar di dalamnya sebagai tempat orang bersemedi dan sebagai tempat untuk menyimpan sesajen. Di dalam gua ini mengalir mata air yang tidak pernah kering.
Sesampai di bawah bukit akan disambut oleh padang rumput yang cukup tinggi. Padang rumput ini sangat luas dan memanjang menuju ke Gunung Bromo, diapit oleh bukit dikedua sisinya, memantulkan suara angin sehingga terdengar agak menakutkan.
Tim beristirahat sebentar di Pos yang berupa bangunan beratap di bawah bukit, tampak sebuah Jip melintas ditengah padang rumput dari arah Gunung Bromo yang kemudian disusul oleh sebuah Truck yang diiringi debu pasir. Pemandangan ini sedikit menghibur karena ditengah padang rumput yang luas dan panas sangat sepi dan mencekam karena kawatir diserang anjing liar.
Setelah berjalan sekitar 2 jam melewati padang rumput yang luas dan sangat panas, Steve dan Ade beristirahat sebentar untuk minum dan melemaskan kaki. Ditengah padang rumput kembali lewat sebuah mobil bak kecil mengangkut penuh sayuran dengan beberapa penumpang diatas sayuran. Terasa senang sekali berjumpa dengan sesama manusia di tempat asing seperti ini.
Perjalanan bertambah berat dengan melewati lautan pasir, matahari tepat berada diatas kepala terasa sangat membakar kulit. Berbeda dengan angin di padang rumput yang terasa panas, udara di padang pasir terasa dingin. Jalur Jip yang semula terlihat dipadang rumput kini mulai menghilang di lautan pasir, terpaksa Tim Skrekanek memperkirakan sendiri jalan yang harus ditempuh. Beruntung sekali tidak ada awan atau kabut sehingga arah jalur dapat diperkirakan.
Semakin menapak ke lautan pasir kaki terasa agak berat melangkah, jalan yang ditempuh adalah mengeliling gunung bromo dari belakang, sehingga agak membingungkan. Dari kejauhan tampak badai pasir yang bergulung-gulung menjulang ke atas. Tiba-tiba dari arah kanan muncul badai yang agak besar berjalan menuju arah Tim Skrekanek, Steve dan Ade segera berlari-lari dan beruntung sekali badai pasir melintas lewat dibelakang kami.
Tim telah sampai di sisi Timur Gunung Bromo, tampak jalur menuju puncak gunung Bromo melewati jalur yang sangat sempit dan berliku-liku. Menuju puncak Gunung Bromo ditengah hari yang sangat panas ini cukup melelahkan. Jalurnya naik turun dan bisa longsor sehingga perlu berhati-hati. Mendekati puncak bromo sudah tercium bau belerang.
Dari puncak bromo tampak kawah Gunung Bromo yang masih aktif , di dasar kawah terlihat warna keemasan belerang dan kepulan asap putih yang menjulang ke atas, menyebarkan bau belerang.
Untuk menuruni Puncak gunung Bromo Tim Skrekanek memilih melewati jalan setapak yang dibangun dari semen, dan mencoba menghitung jumlah anak tangga. Di bawah anak tangga sudah menunggu beberapa kuda untuk disewakan.
Di bawah kaki Gunung Bromo terdapat sebuah pura untuk mengadakan upacara adat dan keagamaan. Tim Skrekanek masih harus menyeberangi lautan pasir dan mendaki bukit yang terjal menuju desa Cemoro Lawang. Beruntung sekali ketika Tim Skrekanek sudah berada di atas bukit, anjing liar baru muncul di bawah bukit.
Dari Cemoro lawang perjalanan dilanjutkan dengan kendaraan umum menuju kota Probolinggo dengan ongkos Rp.5.000,- per orang. Setelah beristirahat dan mandi di terminal Probolinggo Tim Skrekanek melanjutkan perjalanan kembail ke Jakarta.
MALANG KE GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak kendaraan jalan
1 Malang - Tumpang 18 km 30 mnt
2 Tumpang - gubugklakah 12 km 45 mnt
3 Gubugklakah - Jemplang 17 km 90 mnt 3 jam
4 Jemplang - Gunung Bromo 6 km 30 mnt 1,5 jam
PASURUAN - PURWODADI - GUNUNG BROMO
Rute jarak kendaraan jalan
1 Pasuruan - Purwodadi 32 km 30 mnt
2 Purwodadi - Nongkojajar 14 km 30 mnt
3 Nongkojajar - Tosari 20 km 45 mnt
4 Tosari - Wonokitri 3 km 10 mnt
5 Wonokitri - Gunung Bromo 14 km 30 mnt
6 Wonokitri - Gunung Penanjakan 14 km 30 mnt
PASURUAN - WARUNG DOWO - GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak Kendaraan jalan
1 Pasuruan - Warung Dowo 4 km 15 mnt
2 Warung Dowo - Tosari 36 km 50 mnt
3 Tosari - Wonkitri 3 km 10 mnt
4 Wonokitri - Gunung Bromo 14 km 30 mnt
5 Wonokitri - Gunung Pananjakan 14 km 30 mnt
PROBOLINGGO - TONGAS - GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak kendaraan jalan
1 Probolinggo - Tongas 30 km 20 mnt
2 Tongas - Lumbang 8 km 20 mnt
3 Lumbang - Sukapura 8 km 20 mnt
4 Sukapura - ngadisari 15 km 20 mnt
5 Ngadisari - Cemoro Lawang 2,5 km 15 mnt
6 Cemoro Lawang - Gunung Bromo 2 km 10 mnt 30 mnt
LUMAJANG KE GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak Kendaraan Jalan
1 Lumajang - Senduro 25 km 1 jam
2 Senduro - Burno 14 km 50 mnt
3 Burno - Ranu Pani 29 km 3 jam
4 Ranu Pani - Jemplang 8 km 1 jam 3 jam
5 Jemplang - Gunung Bromo 8 km 40 mnt 1,5 jam
Explore posts in the same categories: Rute Pendakian
This entry was posted on 19 April 2007 at 18:46 and is filed under Rute Pendakian. You can subscribe via RSS 2.0 feed to this post's comments. You can comment below, or link to this permanent URL from your own site. Your comments will appear immediately, but I reserve the right to delete inappropriate comments.
21 Comments on “Gunung Bromo”
1. marga Says:
28 April 2007 at 21:37
Bromo dengan padang savana dan ranu pane merupakan tempat yang tak terlupakan dan sering aku kunjungi…..ada fajar yang merupakan harapan baru membelah bekunya malam, sinarnya merekah merah merobek pekatnya kabut, kilauan embun dipucuk-pucuk padang savana yang menawan,lautan pasir yang terhampar bagai perjalanan hidup yang harus dilewati….kami tgl.17-19 Mei 2007 mo travelling ke bromo lagi untuk kesekian kalinya….see you in bromo….
2. catros Says:
1 Mei 2007 at 12:03
wow….
sukses deh ama perjalanannya…semoga selamat sampai tujuan dan kembali kerumah masing2…
share pengalamannya dong disini…
3. S 03 CI Says:
1 Mei 2007 at 18:05
Hi..salam kenal…
Mau tanya2 soal Bromo nieh…
karena gue ada Planning ke sana akhir Mei ini [semoga gak ada halangan]
Bisa info penginepan murmer di daerah situ gak ? krn kebetulan gue bukan pendaki :))
thx b4
S 03 CI
4. catros Says:
2 Mei 2007 at 8:06
wah…banyak banget yah penginapan kelas melati disana….ratenya sekitar 25.000 - 100.000…. abtara malang - probolinggo
5. ayoE Says:
3 Mei 2007 at 14:43
tolong doung seklaian am estimasi biayaNya …..
jadi g survival nti!!
6. inu Says:
18 Juni 2007 at 23:26
salam kenal yah..
ga brenti-brenti deh berdecak kagum kalo sudah ngebahas Bromo.
pengen banget kesana, liat Kasodo sama kawahnya.
tapi ko’ belum kesampean terus ya.
tapi kalo ngebaca ni tulisan, hasrat buat cepetan kesana semakin gede.
semoga cepet kesana.
makasih udah ngebagi pengalamannya.
semoga hasratnya segera bisa terlaksana…
7. anies Says:
30 Juni 2007 at 11:11
hi….
sebenarnya ax pengen bgt kesana tp skulku g’jd kesana pdhl ax dah daftar,ax sedih bgt!mg aja ax bs kesana secepatnya!!dgn informasi ini membuatku makin penasaran deh!!mksh informasinya….
8. anies Says:
30 Juni 2007 at 11:15
salam kenal…
wah,kayaknya seru bgt nih!!ax jd pengen kesana….
ax harap ax bs kesana…….
dan makasih informasinya yah….
moga2 dalam waktu dekat kamu bisa pergi kesana
amin..!
9. Edy siswanto Says:
25 Agustus 2007 at 6:57
GUNUNG BROMO MEMANG SANGAT INDAH , HAMPARAN LAUT PASIR YG LUAS, SAVANA,GUNUNG PENAJANKAN YG MENAWARKAN KEINDAHAN PEMANDANGAN MATAHARI TERBIT, JUGA BISA MELIHAT LETUPAN G. SEMERU YG SETIAP 15 MENIT, JUGA PEMANDANGAN GUNUNG BROMO, BATOK, WATANGAN, SERTA KEINDAHAN GUNUNG ARJUNO,
KAMI MENGELOLA HOTEL LAVA VIEW DAN LAHA HOSTEL YG MENAWARKAN TEMPAT MENGINAP DIMANA HOTEL LANGSUNG MENGHADAP KE KAWAH BROMO HUBUNGI KAMI DI globaladventure@indo.net.id http://WWW.GLOBALADVENTUREINDONESIA.COM
10. sugenk Says:
26 Agustus 2007 at 22:58
Bromo Tengger Semeru memang sangat eksotis apalagi jika perjalanannya melalui Malang.dan jangan lupa di Malang telah ada sejak lama Oprator Tour yang bernama Baronang Adventure tour yang sangat berpengalaman dalam memandu para wisatawan dengan melihat dan menikmati bromo dari sisi yang lain . dijamin sangat memuaskan. call me at 08883810066
11. sugenk Says:
26 Agustus 2007 at 23:07
Oprator Tour yang bernama Baronang Adventure tour yang sangat berpengalaman dalam memandu para wisatawan dengan melihat dan menikmati bromo dari sisi yang lain . dijamin sangat memuaskan. call me at 08883810066
12. sugenk Says:
26 Agustus 2007 at 23:10
Malang-tumpang-cobanpelangi-ngadas-jemplang-ranupani-bromo by Jeep with Baronang Adventure Tour very fantastic. you must try our pacackge tour.only one real Adventure at Malang
13. Tom Says:
28 Agustus 2007 at 13:36
Kami berencana mau keliling Jawa & Bali dgn kendaraan sendiri pada akhir tahun ini. Pertanyaan saya kalau saya:
1. Kalau saya pengen ke Bromo (Harapannya bisa lihat Sunset), jam berapa berangkat dari Surabaya agar sampai sebelum matahari terbit di Bromo.
2. Sampai dimana saya ganti kendaraan 4×4 dengan driver berpengalaman, apakah saya bisa menggunakan kendaraan sendiri CR-V 2×4 sampai Cemoro Lawang?
3. Sekian terima kasih
14. junet Says:
4 September 2007 at 16:13
u Tommy
mbl anda bisa sampai cemoro lawang,lalu ganti dengan jeep disana . bila ingin yang lebih eksotis dan lengkap paket tournya anda bisa lewat malang. sepertinya boleh juga nyoba Baronang .
15. ida dyah Says:
11 September 2007 at 9:46
aq sbrnya bkn pendaki, tapi aq tuh sering nya berwisata ke daerah2 pedalamn gitu, aq pernah ke pedlm suku baduy,kampung naga, trus klo daki gunung juga cuma wilayah jawa barat aja, rencana aq sm tmn aq itu bulan desember kan mau ke gng bromo, trus kendalanya cuma bingung nyari temen nya aja, lebih banyak kan lebih seru, klo mo daftar jd anggota pendaki itu ke siapa and kemana ya? thnks.
16. rahmat mario Says:
14 September 2007 at 10:32
klo dari palembang,kira2 naik travel/bus jurusan apa ya sampe ke malang,dan jam brapa kira2 sampe sana nggak ke sore an.
terima kasih.
17. Nia Says:
24 Oktober 2007 at 20:28
Hai…salam kenal,rencananya desmber nanti aku n tmn2 mo tour ke bromo. Pengen bgt liat sunset,tp ini kan musim penghujan jd kira2 pemandangn sun rise kliatan g ya?n tlg ksih tau dong rute dr jogja ke bromo biar ntar g nyasar.thank you!
18. Nia Says:
25 Oktober 2007 at 10:26
Ralat : bukan sun set tp maksudnya sun rise
19. Leon Says:
21 Nopember 2007 at 13:46
Hi Guys, yang aku sukai dari gunung Bromo yaitu berkuda. Disitu banyak orang yang nyewain kuda lo. Harganya Rp 20.000,- (harga bulan februari 2007) dan penjual bunga eldeweis. Bunganya punya beragam bentuk dengan beragam warna. Para penjual memberi harga Rp 5.000,- untuk 1 jenis, tp Klo pintar nawar bisa dapat 5 jenis dengan harga Rp 11.000,-. selain gunung Bromo, ada juga tempat yang g kalah menariknya yaitu Gunung Penanjakan. Letaknya g jauh lo dari gunung Bromo. Dari sini kalian bisa menyaksikan keindahan gunung Bromo. Kalau kalian kesini, harus bawa mantel, sarung tangan, syal, topi, dan pakaian hangat. Jangan lupa kaos kaki sama minuman + makanan hangat. Tapi di Gunung Penanjakan sendiri udah ada kok nyewain mantel dan jual perlengkapan lainnya. Saran terakhir, jangan bawa sabun cair, kalau kalian lg g beruntung sabunnya bakal beku cos disana dingin sekali….. Temperaturnya mencapai 5 derajat celcius, bahkan minus.Keren kan…..
20. joy kastari Says:
4 Desember 2007 at 21:59
menurut gua kita sebagai ank pendaki kita harus ber syukur atas …tuhan memberi indah
nya alm” yang sangat indah bagi kita semua…slammmmmmm………..rimbaaaaaaaaaaa”””””’;;;;;;;;;;
21. ibenk Says:
21 Desember 2007 at 5:25
saya berenca tahun baru ini di bromo. bisa tidak saya bawa mobil panter dr malang melewati lautan pasir bromo? Apa ada alternatif yang paling asyik?
wah..panter ke bromo ?
bisa aja sih, tapi dengan syarat supirnya harus jago & menguasai medan + cuaca bagus
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Gunung Bromo
Gunung Bromo
Perjalanan ke Gunung Bromo dari Ranu Pani, dapat menjadi menarik dan penuh tantangan bagi seorang pendaki berpengalaman sekalipun. Terutama setelah selesai mendaki Gunung Semeru.Dari Kota Malang menuju Tumpang dengan angkutan umum, disambung dengan mobil JIP atau Truck Sayuran menuju desa Ranu Pani. Di Ranu Pani terdapat Pos pendakian dan dua buah danau (ranu) yang sangat indah, yakni Ranu Pani dan Ranu Regulo disebelah bawah. Disini terdapat beberapa warung dan penginapan yang sangat sederhana. Desa Ranu Pani masuk dalam wilayah kabupaten Lumajang, bisa juga ditempuh dari kota Lumajang.
Perjalanan sebaiknya dilakukan pagi-pagi, dengan berjalan kaki menuju Pos jalan pintas yang berada di ujung desa Ranu Pani menuju Gunung Bromo. Setelah menginap selama satu malam di Pos Jaga Pendakian, Tim Skrekanek (Ade dan Steve) yang telah menyelesaikan pendakian Gunung Semeru, bergegas memulai perjalanan ke Gunung Bromo.
Perjalanan dapat dilakukan dengan menyewa JIP dari desa Ranu Pani atau desa Jemplang sekitar Rp.200.000,- lama perjalanan 2 jam, namun Tim Skrekanek memilih berjalan kaki dengan jarak tempuh sekitar 4 Jam sejauh 12 Km.
Perjalanan sangat berbahaya bila dilakukan sore atau malam hari, karena jalanan tidak terlihat dan banyak sekali terdapat anjing liar yang dapat menyerang kita setiap saat, sebaiknya membawa tongkat.
Setelah sampai di batas akhir desa Ranu Pani terdapat Pos istirahat yang berada diatas bukit, tampak pemandangan yang sangat indah kebawah bukit, terlihat jalur yang menuju Gunung Bromo.
Perjalanan dilanjutkan dengan menuruni bukit yang sangat curam, kita perlu berhati-hati karena selain jalurnya sempit juga tertutup oleh semak-semak yang tinggi. Bukit ini sangat terjal dan memanjang mengelilingi kompleks gunung Bromo, dengan ketinggian antara 200-600 meter, dan bergaris tengah 8-10 km, membentuk kaldera. Terdapat beberapa gunung di dalam Kaldera antara lain; G.Bromo (2.392m) G. Batok (2.470m) G. G.Kursi (2,581m) G.Watangan (2.662m) G.Widodaren (2.650m).
Di gunung Widodaren terdapat sebuah gua dengan batu besar di dalamnya sebagai tempat orang bersemedi dan sebagai tempat untuk menyimpan sesajen. Di dalam gua ini mengalir mata air yang tidak pernah kering.
Sesampai di bawah bukit akan disambut oleh padang rumput yang cukup tinggi. Padang rumput ini sangat luas dan memanjang menuju ke Gunung Bromo, diapit oleh bukit dikedua sisinya, memantulkan suara angin sehingga terdengar agak menakutkan.
Tim beristirahat sebentar di Pos yang berupa bangunan beratap di bawah bukit, tampak sebuah Jip melintas ditengah padang rumput dari arah Gunung Bromo yang kemudian disusul oleh sebuah Truck yang diiringi debu pasir. Pemandangan ini sedikit menghibur karena ditengah padang rumput yang luas dan panas sangat sepi dan mencekam karena kawatir diserang anjing liar.
Setelah berjalan sekitar 2 jam melewati padang rumput yang luas dan sangat panas, Steve dan Ade beristirahat sebentar untuk minum dan melemaskan kaki. Ditengah padang rumput kembali lewat sebuah mobil bak kecil mengangkut penuh sayuran dengan beberapa penumpang diatas sayuran. Terasa senang sekali berjumpa dengan sesama manusia di tempat asing seperti ini.
Perjalanan bertambah berat dengan melewati lautan pasir, matahari tepat berada diatas kepala terasa sangat membakar kulit. Berbeda dengan angin di padang rumput yang terasa panas, udara di padang pasir terasa dingin. Jalur Jip yang semula terlihat dipadang rumput kini mulai menghilang di lautan pasir, terpaksa Tim Skrekanek memperkirakan sendiri jalan yang harus ditempuh. Beruntung sekali tidak ada awan atau kabut sehingga arah jalur dapat diperkirakan.
Semakin menapak ke lautan pasir kaki terasa agak berat melangkah, jalan yang ditempuh adalah mengeliling gunung bromo dari belakang, sehingga agak membingungkan. Dari kejauhan tampak badai pasir yang bergulung-gulung menjulang ke atas. Tiba-tiba dari arah kanan muncul badai yang agak besar berjalan menuju arah Tim Skrekanek, Steve dan Ade segera berlari-lari dan beruntung sekali badai pasir melintas lewat dibelakang kami.
Tim telah sampai di sisi Timur Gunung Bromo, tampak jalur menuju puncak gunung Bromo melewati jalur yang sangat sempit dan berliku-liku. Menuju puncak Gunung Bromo ditengah hari yang sangat panas ini cukup melelahkan. Jalurnya naik turun dan bisa longsor sehingga perlu berhati-hati. Mendekati puncak bromo sudah tercium bau belerang.
Dari puncak bromo tampak kawah Gunung Bromo yang masih aktif , di dasar kawah terlihat warna keemasan belerang dan kepulan asap putih yang menjulang ke atas, menyebarkan bau belerang.
Untuk menuruni Puncak gunung Bromo Tim Skrekanek memilih melewati jalan setapak yang dibangun dari semen, dan mencoba menghitung jumlah anak tangga. Di bawah anak tangga sudah menunggu beberapa kuda untuk disewakan.
Di bawah kaki Gunung Bromo terdapat sebuah pura untuk mengadakan upacara adat dan keagamaan. Tim Skrekanek masih harus menyeberangi lautan pasir dan mendaki bukit yang terjal menuju desa Cemoro Lawang. Beruntung sekali ketika Tim Skrekanek sudah berada di atas bukit, anjing liar baru muncul di bawah bukit.
Dari Cemoro lawang perjalanan dilanjutkan dengan kendaraan umum menuju kota Probolinggo dengan ongkos Rp.5.000,- per orang. Setelah beristirahat dan mandi di terminal Probolinggo Tim Skrekanek melanjutkan perjalanan kembail ke Jakarta.
MALANG KE GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak kendaraan jalan
1 Malang - Tumpang 18 km 30 mnt
2 Tumpang - gubugklakah 12 km 45 mnt
3 Gubugklakah - Jemplang 17 km 90 mnt 3 jam
4 Jemplang - Gunung Bromo 6 km 30 mnt 1,5 jam
PASURUAN - PURWODADI - GUNUNG BROMO
Rute jarak kendaraan jalan
1 Pasuruan - Purwodadi 32 km 30 mnt
2 Purwodadi - Nongkojajar 14 km 30 mnt
3 Nongkojajar - Tosari 20 km 45 mnt
4 Tosari - Wonokitri 3 km 10 mnt
5 Wonokitri - Gunung Bromo 14 km 30 mnt
6 Wonokitri - Gunung Penanjakan 14 km 30 mnt
PASURUAN - WARUNG DOWO - GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak Kendaraan jalan
1 Pasuruan - Warung Dowo 4 km 15 mnt
2 Warung Dowo - Tosari 36 km 50 mnt
3 Tosari - Wonkitri 3 km 10 mnt
4 Wonokitri - Gunung Bromo 14 km 30 mnt
5 Wonokitri - Gunung Pananjakan 14 km 30 mnt
PROBOLINGGO - TONGAS - GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak kendaraan jalan
1 Probolinggo - Tongas 30 km 20 mnt
2 Tongas - Lumbang 8 km 20 mnt
3 Lumbang - Sukapura 8 km 20 mnt
4 Sukapura - ngadisari 15 km 20 mnt
5 Ngadisari - Cemoro Lawang 2,5 km 15 mnt
6 Cemoro Lawang - Gunung Bromo 2 km 10 mnt 30 mnt
LUMAJANG KE GUNUNG BROMO
Rute Jarak Kendaraan Jalan
1 Lumajang - Senduro 25 km 1 jam
2 Senduro - Burno 14 km 50 mnt
3 Burno - Ranu Pani 29 km 3 jam
4 Ranu Pani - Jemplang 8 km 1 jam 3 jam
5 Jemplang - Gunung Bromo 8 km 40 mnt 1,5 jam
Explore posts in the same categories: Rute Pendakian
This entry was posted on 19 April 2007 at 18:46 and is filed under Rute Pendakian. You can subscribe via RSS 2.0 feed to this post's comments. You can comment below, or link to this permanent URL from your own site. Your comments will appear immediately, but I reserve the right to delete inappropriate comments.
21 Comments on “Gunung Bromo”
1. marga Says:
28 April 2007 at 21:37
Bromo dengan padang savana dan ranu pane merupakan tempat yang tak terlupakan dan sering aku kunjungi…..ada fajar yang merupakan harapan baru membelah bekunya malam, sinarnya merekah merah merobek pekatnya kabut, kilauan embun dipucuk-pucuk padang savana yang menawan,lautan pasir yang terhampar bagai perjalanan hidup yang harus dilewati….kami tgl.17-19 Mei 2007 mo travelling ke bromo lagi untuk kesekian kalinya….see you in bromo….
2. catros Says:
1 Mei 2007 at 12:03
wow….
sukses deh ama perjalanannya…semoga selamat sampai tujuan dan kembali kerumah masing2…
share pengalamannya dong disini…
3. S 03 CI Says:
1 Mei 2007 at 18:05
Hi..salam kenal…
Mau tanya2 soal Bromo nieh…
karena gue ada Planning ke sana akhir Mei ini [semoga gak ada halangan]
Bisa info penginepan murmer di daerah situ gak ? krn kebetulan gue bukan pendaki :))
thx b4
S 03 CI
4. catros Says:
2 Mei 2007 at 8:06
wah…banyak banget yah penginapan kelas melati disana….ratenya sekitar 25.000 - 100.000…. abtara malang - probolinggo
5. ayoE Says:
3 Mei 2007 at 14:43
tolong doung seklaian am estimasi biayaNya …..
jadi g survival nti!!
6. inu Says:
18 Juni 2007 at 23:26
salam kenal yah..
ga brenti-brenti deh berdecak kagum kalo sudah ngebahas Bromo.
pengen banget kesana, liat Kasodo sama kawahnya.
tapi ko’ belum kesampean terus ya.
tapi kalo ngebaca ni tulisan, hasrat buat cepetan kesana semakin gede.
semoga cepet kesana.
makasih udah ngebagi pengalamannya.
semoga hasratnya segera bisa terlaksana…
7. anies Says:
30 Juni 2007 at 11:11
hi….
sebenarnya ax pengen bgt kesana tp skulku g’jd kesana pdhl ax dah daftar,ax sedih bgt!mg aja ax bs kesana secepatnya!!dgn informasi ini membuatku makin penasaran deh!!mksh informasinya….
8. anies Says:
30 Juni 2007 at 11:15
salam kenal…
wah,kayaknya seru bgt nih!!ax jd pengen kesana….
ax harap ax bs kesana…….
dan makasih informasinya yah….
moga2 dalam waktu dekat kamu bisa pergi kesana
amin..!
9. Edy siswanto Says:
25 Agustus 2007 at 6:57
GUNUNG BROMO MEMANG SANGAT INDAH , HAMPARAN LAUT PASIR YG LUAS, SAVANA,GUNUNG PENAJANKAN YG MENAWARKAN KEINDAHAN PEMANDANGAN MATAHARI TERBIT, JUGA BISA MELIHAT LETUPAN G. SEMERU YG SETIAP 15 MENIT, JUGA PEMANDANGAN GUNUNG BROMO, BATOK, WATANGAN, SERTA KEINDAHAN GUNUNG ARJUNO,
KAMI MENGELOLA HOTEL LAVA VIEW DAN LAHA HOSTEL YG MENAWARKAN TEMPAT MENGINAP DIMANA HOTEL LANGSUNG MENGHADAP KE KAWAH BROMO HUBUNGI KAMI DI globaladventure@indo.net.id http://WWW.GLOBALADVENTUREINDONESIA.COM
10. sugenk Says:
26 Agustus 2007 at 22:58
Bromo Tengger Semeru memang sangat eksotis apalagi jika perjalanannya melalui Malang.dan jangan lupa di Malang telah ada sejak lama Oprator Tour yang bernama Baronang Adventure tour yang sangat berpengalaman dalam memandu para wisatawan dengan melihat dan menikmati bromo dari sisi yang lain . dijamin sangat memuaskan. call me at 08883810066
11. sugenk Says:
26 Agustus 2007 at 23:07
Oprator Tour yang bernama Baronang Adventure tour yang sangat berpengalaman dalam memandu para wisatawan dengan melihat dan menikmati bromo dari sisi yang lain . dijamin sangat memuaskan. call me at 08883810066
12. sugenk Says:
26 Agustus 2007 at 23:10
Malang-tumpang-cobanpelangi-ngadas-jemplang-ranupani-bromo by Jeep with Baronang Adventure Tour very fantastic. you must try our pacackge tour.only one real Adventure at Malang
13. Tom Says:
28 Agustus 2007 at 13:36
Kami berencana mau keliling Jawa & Bali dgn kendaraan sendiri pada akhir tahun ini. Pertanyaan saya kalau saya:
1. Kalau saya pengen ke Bromo (Harapannya bisa lihat Sunset), jam berapa berangkat dari Surabaya agar sampai sebelum matahari terbit di Bromo.
2. Sampai dimana saya ganti kendaraan 4×4 dengan driver berpengalaman, apakah saya bisa menggunakan kendaraan sendiri CR-V 2×4 sampai Cemoro Lawang?
3. Sekian terima kasih
14. junet Says:
4 September 2007 at 16:13
u Tommy
mbl anda bisa sampai cemoro lawang,lalu ganti dengan jeep disana . bila ingin yang lebih eksotis dan lengkap paket tournya anda bisa lewat malang. sepertinya boleh juga nyoba Baronang .
15. ida dyah Says:
11 September 2007 at 9:46
aq sbrnya bkn pendaki, tapi aq tuh sering nya berwisata ke daerah2 pedalamn gitu, aq pernah ke pedlm suku baduy,kampung naga, trus klo daki gunung juga cuma wilayah jawa barat aja, rencana aq sm tmn aq itu bulan desember kan mau ke gng bromo, trus kendalanya cuma bingung nyari temen nya aja, lebih banyak kan lebih seru, klo mo daftar jd anggota pendaki itu ke siapa and kemana ya? thnks.
16. rahmat mario Says:
14 September 2007 at 10:32
klo dari palembang,kira2 naik travel/bus jurusan apa ya sampe ke malang,dan jam brapa kira2 sampe sana nggak ke sore an.
terima kasih.
17. Nia Says:
24 Oktober 2007 at 20:28
Hai…salam kenal,rencananya desmber nanti aku n tmn2 mo tour ke bromo. Pengen bgt liat sunset,tp ini kan musim penghujan jd kira2 pemandangn sun rise kliatan g ya?n tlg ksih tau dong rute dr jogja ke bromo biar ntar g nyasar.thank you!
18. Nia Says:
25 Oktober 2007 at 10:26
Ralat : bukan sun set tp maksudnya sun rise
19. Leon Says:
21 Nopember 2007 at 13:46
Hi Guys, yang aku sukai dari gunung Bromo yaitu berkuda. Disitu banyak orang yang nyewain kuda lo. Harganya Rp 20.000,- (harga bulan februari 2007) dan penjual bunga eldeweis. Bunganya punya beragam bentuk dengan beragam warna. Para penjual memberi harga Rp 5.000,- untuk 1 jenis, tp Klo pintar nawar bisa dapat 5 jenis dengan harga Rp 11.000,-. selain gunung Bromo, ada juga tempat yang g kalah menariknya yaitu Gunung Penanjakan. Letaknya g jauh lo dari gunung Bromo. Dari sini kalian bisa menyaksikan keindahan gunung Bromo. Kalau kalian kesini, harus bawa mantel, sarung tangan, syal, topi, dan pakaian hangat. Jangan lupa kaos kaki sama minuman + makanan hangat. Tapi di Gunung Penanjakan sendiri udah ada kok nyewain mantel dan jual perlengkapan lainnya. Saran terakhir, jangan bawa sabun cair, kalau kalian lg g beruntung sabunnya bakal beku cos disana dingin sekali….. Temperaturnya mencapai 5 derajat celcius, bahkan minus.Keren kan…..
20. joy kastari Says:
4 Desember 2007 at 21:59
menurut gua kita sebagai ank pendaki kita harus ber syukur atas …tuhan memberi indah
nya alm” yang sangat indah bagi kita semua…slammmmmmm………..rimbaaaaaaaaaaa”””””’;;;;;;;;;;
21. ibenk Says:
21 Desember 2007 at 5:25
saya berenca tahun baru ini di bromo. bisa tidak saya bawa mobil panter dr malang melewati lautan pasir bromo? Apa ada alternatif yang paling asyik?
wah..panter ke bromo ?
bisa aja sih, tapi dengan syarat supirnya harus jago & menguasai medan + cuaca bagus
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